The Patterns Of Biological Diversity Throughout Rivers And...

The patterns of biological diversity in rivers and streams among taxa vary on a spatial and temporal scale (Ligeiro et al. 2010; McGarvey and Terra 2015). Variations in stream ecology can be contributed to water quality, habitat, and history of disturbance (Lingeiro et al. 2010). Creeks and streams feed into rivers and other larger bodies of water, which provide food, water, and other commercial and recreational services as well as a home to an array of plants and animals which rely on clean water. The health of these smaller bodies of water can act as indicators for the health of the larger watershed. Benthic macroinvertebrates have been used to assess the health of aquatic environments. Quality analysis involves looking at benthic species composition and organization within the stream (Resh and Unzicke 1975). Different macroinvertebrates have differing sensitivities to pollutant, with some being more susceptible to environmental toxins than others (Metcalfe 1989). Such methods gro up macroinvertebrates in regards to their tolerance to pollution. The EPT Index looks at Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies, respectively) as indicators of aquatic community health. The idea behind the EPT Index is that healthier streams have a greater richness of species as many species of macroinvertebrates are intolerant of pollutions and thus will not be found in low quality bodies of water (Lenat 1988). Previous studies have found that EPTShow MoreRelatedArchaeology Notes19985 Words   |  80 Pagesof Early Hominines†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦39 African Pre- Historic Art†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.49 Definition of Terms Angular torus a thickened bony ridge on the back of the parietal Biostratigraphy the use of biological organisms found in rocks to correlate ages between sites. Bipedalism refers to locomotion e.g., walking, jogging, running, etc., on two legs. Geology, is the study of the earth, which allows us to understand the preservation, age, and environment

Pharmacodynamics and Physicochemical Properties of Sotalol and Propranolol Free Essay Example, 1500 words

The researcher states that Propranolol is highly lipophilic and completely absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. The bioavailability of the drug is more after food and when administered chronically. The distribution of the drug is very rapid. The pharmacokinetics studies have confirmed that they have a high binding affinity with the plasma. At the same time, the binding capability differs with the half-life of the drug. The plasma protein binding of propranolol may affect the rate of excretion and hepatic clearance in animals including dogs and rats. The half-life of the drug is largely dependent on the liver blood flow. Studies of intravenous administration in rats showed that higher concentrations of propranolol produced a reduced binding affinity for propranolol. At high doses, the half-life of the drug and the volume of distribution were found to be high. The half-life of the Sotalol in dogs was 4.3 0.4 hours and this is longer than any other beta-adrenergic blocker in dogs. The renal clearance of the drug was 4.21 0.31 ml/ min/ kg in dogs. The total plasma clearance was around 90% and 72 12 % of the drug was excreted unchanged in urine. We will write a custom essay sample on Pharmacodynamics and Physicochemical Properties of Sotalol and Propranolol or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page In monkeys, propranolol was completely absorbed and the plasma concentrations were observed after 1 hour. The excretion of the drug was completely through urine in a monkey, but in dogs and rats, 25% of the excretion was in the feces. When drug concentration was observed through HPLCS, the basic metabolites were present in the concentration of 35 1% in dog, the through 2% in rats, and 53 5% in the hamster.

Starbucks Case Study - 11286 Words

AmbaiU MBA Graduation Paper Starbucks Corporation Case Study The Starbucks Corporation: Past, Present and Future By Hervà © R. AUCH-ROY – PEN: 1207HA December 21, 2004. http://www.ambaiuniversity.net/ Hervà © R. AUCH-ROY AmbaiU PEN: 1207HA 1 AmbaiU MBA Graduation Paper Starbucks Corporation Case Study Table of Contents A) Introduction - An unusual coffee encounter – 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 6 7 8 9 9 10 11 12 12 13 17 17 18 19 19 20 21 23 23 25 26 27 28 B) Starbucks: Past B.1) Early days - The original coffee shop: cofounders’ philosophy - Howard Schultz enters the picture - Collecting ideas - Expanding the vision and building the concept - Howard Schultz’s Il Giornale venture B.2) Shifting gears - A shift in the company profile:†¦show more content†¦Coffee would be only the vehicle for a place where people want to stay for a while, a sort of place-like-home, in between home and office. That should become the differentiating factor of Starbucks. - Expanding the vision and building the concept But far from convincing Baldwin and Bowker, Schultz encountered strong resistance from them as to diversify Starbucks activities into serving fresh brewed coffee. Hervà © R. AUCH-ROY AmbaiU PEN: 1207HA 4 AmbaiU MBA Graduation Paper Starbucks Corporation Case Study Baldwin and Bowker had a different strategy: they intended to purchase Peet’s Coffee and Tea enterprise in San Francisco, and pursue along the line of local stores providing high quality coffee beans and teas. The cost of this acquisition would leave very little for Schultz’s plans anyway. But the operations didn’t go smoothly after that for Baldwin and Bowker; managing the stores back and forth between Seattle and San Francisco caused the employees to feel neglected, even more as their bonus was not paid due to the tight financial situation of Starbucks at that time. Starbucks suffered from a lack of confidence from its employees, and the business was in danger, calling for an action from the management to regain trust. Schultz kept pressuring Baldwin to let him do a market test of selling beverages in one Starbucks store. Although the experience was a success,Show MoreRelatedStarbucks Case Study : Starbucks1148 Words   |  5 PagesStarbucks Case Study Throughout the United States and Asia, Starbucks is renounced for their expertly crafted coffee, so much so that an immensely large portion of the nation at least recognizes the logo and the name. This success to this day keeps producing higher returns for investors especially over this last third quarter of 2016. The third quarter had set many new records with Starbucks for both the American markets as well as the Asian markets causing a big boom for the company and sparkingRead MoreStarbucks Case Study : Starbucks904 Words   |  4 PagesSTARBUCKS CASE STUDY Starbucks was started by three former students of the university of San Francisco named Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl and Gordon Bowker. Their plan was to sell high quality coffee beans and roasting equipment but did not expect the success that their company would achieve in the future. The first Starbucks store was opened in March 30, 1971 in seattle, Washington. Their first store was located at 2000 Western Avenue and it sold roasted whole bean coffee till 1976. Soon they shiftedRead MoreStarbucks Case Study794 Words   |  4 PagesStarbucks Case Study - What factors accounted for the extraordinary success of Starbucks in the early 1990s? Building a successful brand with multiple stores opening. Selling whole beans and premium priced coffee. They also new and understood their target market. Unlike many other coffee shops they sold the lifestyle around the coffee and made it an experience for their customers as apposed to it being just an addition to a donut in the morning. They made it a lifestyle choice and somethingRead MoreStarbucks Case Study908 Words   |  4 PagesStarbucks Case Study Overview Starbucks Corporation is an international coffeehouse chain based in Seattle, Washington. Starbucks is the largest coffeehouse company in the world. Starbucks sells drip brewed coffee, espresso-based hot drinks, other hot and cold drinks, snacks, and items such as mugs and coffee beans. Many of the companys products are seasonal or specific to the locality of the store. Starbucks-brand ice cream and coffee are also offered at grocery stores. Starbucks’ ItalianRead MoreStarbucks Case Study1452 Words   |  6 PagesStarbucks Case Study 1 MKTG 220 September 18th, 2012 Table of Contents Case Review3 Determining the Root Problem4 Identifying the Problem Components4-5 Generating Alternatives5 Evaluating Alternatives6 Choose an Alternative7 Implementation Plan7 Alternative Choice8 Work Cited9 Case Review Starbucks is one of the leading coffee retailers in the world; according to their company profile they are operating nearly 18,000 retail stores in 60 countries. They serve millions of customersRead MoreStarbucks Case Study948 Words   |  4 PagesCase Study: The Globalization of Starbucks From the famous green and white logo, to the coffee house style environment, Starbucks has built an empire located on every street corner. We also cannot forget the red cup debacle just this Christmas! Starbucks is a true icon in the world of coffee. Starbucks created a true lifestyle for the world that some small businesses can only dream of. Starbucks currently has more than 21,000 stores in over 65 countries and was founded in 1971. The originalRead MoreStarbucks Case Study1429 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction This is a proposal based on the case study â€Å"Starbucks – going global fast† (Cateora and Graham, 2007), further research has been undertaken and analysis and recommendation will be based on these sources of information. Critique and analysis Being a multinational company expanding at a speed that leads thoughts towards badly imaged global corporation like McDonalds are these days not considered a strength. McDonalds might have conquered the world and made profit of people’s badRead MoreStarbucks Case Study1455 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Since its 1992 IPO, Starbucks has continually focused on growth. Initially, the growth was targeted to enable Starbucks to achieve their goal of becoming the leading North American retailer of specialty coffee. The early success they achieved resulted in Starbucks expanding their original goal to that of becoming the most recognized and respected coffee brand in the world. By way of example, this case study focuses on a request by McDonalds to serve Starbucks coffee at its restaurantsRead Morestarbucks case study951 Words   |  4 PagesCase study: Starbucks Evolution of the company Starbucks when established in 1971by three founding members; it was known as Starbucks Coffee, Tea and Spices. They were not selling beverages instead they sold coffee beans. By the next year itself they opened a second one in same Seattle, Washington. In early 1980 the management change took place while one of the founding members left Starbucks and Jerry Baldwin became a CEO. When Howard Schultz joined the company and took charge of marketingRead MoreStarbucks Case Study1822 Words   |  8 PagesStarbucks case study 1- I think the most important management skills for Schultz to have are the conceptual skills. Since Schultz is the chairman of Starbucks, which means he is the top manager of the company, the conceptual skills are the most important for him to have. Mostly because conceptual skills help him see the organization as a whole. It helps the manager understand the relationship among the various subunits, and visualize how the organization fits into its broader environment. In fact

Costco History free essay sample

The history of Costco began in July, 1976, in San Diego, California, and its name was Price Club. It was cofounded by Sol and Robert Price. The newly designed business was the first ‘warehouse’ business of it’s kind. This retail business originally targeted other business owners, but blended retail and wholesale. Price Club had unbeatable low prices and sold bulk items. Three years later, 1979, Price Club expanded two new locations. They acquired 200,000 members and profited 1 million dollars. Price Cub showed a loss of profits the first year, but the expansion proved profitable. Jim Sinegal is a key player to the success of Costco because he started his career being mentored by Sol Price. He worked in the warehouse business at Price Club and another warehouse business called Fedmart, both owned by Sol Price. (Cardon). In 1983, Jim Sinegal and Jeff Brottman would open their own warehouse club near Seattle Washington, and it was called Costco (Daft, 2012 pp. 605). One year later, Costco expanded to nine warehouses in five states. It was not long before Price Club realized they could achieve larger cliental if they served a selected audience of ‘non-business’ members. This payed off by the year 1984, Price Club sales would be greater than one billion dollars and is the first company to achieve this mark in a six year period. Almost ten years later, 1993, Costco and Price Club, would merge and become PriceCostco. This merge was nicely matched because they were very similar in business model and size. The combined companies included 206 locations and generated $16 billion in annual sales. Jim Sinegal would also become Costco’s President and chief executive (Priceviewer). The merger only lasted about four years and, in 1997, PriceCostco became Costco. Jim Sinegal remained President and chief executer (Carden, 2011). Costco’s Mission statement: To continually provide our members with quality goods and services at the lowest possible prices in order to achieve our mission we will conduct our business with the following Code of Ethics in mind: Obey the law, Take care of our members and our employees, and respect our vendors/suppliers. â€Å"If we do these four things throughout our organization, then we will realize our ultimate goal, which is to reward our shareholders. † Jim Sinegal. (Costco, 2011) Costco’s operating philosophy is to keep costs down, and pass the savings on to their customers. To offer high quality brand name merchandise at prices below any other avenue of retail. They accomplish this several ways. They buy high volumes of merchandise directly from manufactures and not distributers. The merchandise is shipped directly to a selling warehouse and not a storage area, and this also reduces freight costs. Costco warehouses are located on sites where property costs are minimum not on high real estate locations. Merchandise, or stock, is placed directly on a selling floor and on the pallets that they are delivered on. By doing this, labor and handling, costs are reduced to save the customer money. Sales and service employees are kept at a minimal to also reduce overhead costs. Last, because Costco’s has such an incredibly large membership base they have influence and power to haggle prices with their manufacturers and suppliers. â€Å"Costco is able to offer lower prices and better values by eliminating virtually all the frills and costs historically associated with conventional wholesalers and retailers, including salespeople, fancy buildings, delivery, billing and accounts receivable. We run a tight operation with extremely low overhead which enables us to pass on dramatic savings to our members. † Jim Sinegal (corporate, 2012). Costco pride’s themselves as a leading warehouse/big box retailer. Sales volume exceeds that of their competition and they use a â€Å"consumer first† business model. This business model is a creative way that has expanded sales. Costco has developed additional ways to continue to save money for their customers. They did this by creating their own brand. Costco’s personal brand is ‘Kirkland Signature. Kirkland, Washingtons the root of Costco and is where their headquarters is located. Kirkland Signature brand was introduced to Costco stores in 1995. It was designed to be equal or better quality than national brands. Kirkland Signature products include diapers, coffee, tires, clothing, film, housewares and more. (Priceviewer). Often, national brands are co- brands with Kirkland Signature products. They believe that achieving a long term objectives of reducing employee turnover and enhancing employee satisfaction is beneficial. To accomplish this they hire employees at an above average hourly rate, they train and promote from within. Doing this, their employees feel loyalty and valued. Costco Continues to be financially successful today and has expanded internationally. Their mission and ethics have proved to be successful and beneficial to all that the organization is involved with to include, customers employees, suppliers/vendors and stockholders. What does organizational design truly mean? Have you considered how it can work best? If yes, how? If no, why not? Organizational design is a formal process for integrating people, information, and technology. Organizations are people that have a declaration of purpose, vision and strategy. This structure matches people to the purpose it seeks to achieve a common goal or purpose. It is designed to enhance communication, information, and resources to optimize human achievement. The end product is an integrated system of people and resources tailored to the specific direction of the organization. Organizational design basically is an execution of an administrative plan guided by a leader/leaders. The design of the organization can work best if the people work together as a team. It will also work best, if the mission, vision, strategy, purpose and needs of the organization are identified and the goals are achievable. Organizations also work best if it’s leader understands, guides and assures the process is followed and encourages creative thinking. If their is not an effective leader who does not have a mission, vision, strategy and followers, the organization can and will fail. Costco has proven to have a successful organizational design. Describe the â€Å"Trap of favored ways of thinking†? How did it impact your thinking? In Organizations ‘traps’ can be hazardous to their success. These traps can prohibit and restrict creativity, limits capabilities and limits ability to progress into the future. Some common traps are: Group Thinking- Productive conflict is critical if common traits are shared in a group because it prevents bad ideas from being implemented without discussion or consideration. Non productive conflict is not productive and can become a hostile situation. Group thinking is pervasive. â€Å"We have never done it like this before† If you always do what you do, you always get what you got. Be courages and attempt change. Make sure to make meaning changes. â€Å"You’re Gooder† syndrome- Respect is over emphasized to their authorities and lacks candor, honesty and courage. Inbred Culture When hiring employees is based on time, ore years of service and loyalty rather than exceptional performance. Problems will arise. The leadership chain of command will be incompetent and will breed more incompetence. Arbitrary Directives and policies are determined by top management. If decisions and policies are made with randomness and for unknown reason then those are signs that indicates that the leader is disconnected and out of touch. This truly impacted my thinking because I was not aware and I learned many things! It made so much since why organizations struggle, fail and succeed. It caused many flashbacks to my military career, and also, my teachers, mentors and friends. When I think about this, in reference to Costco, any of these trapped ways of thinking could have jeopardized their success. â€Å"The Ugly Face† often stifles an organizations growth. How? Did you position to circumvent it in your design? The ugly face refers to organizations that exploit employees, the global economy, or the natural environment as instruments of domination that furthers selfish needs and dominance. Taking what they need and throwing or destroying what isn’t needed. â€Å"Whether by design or default, organizations often have a large negative impact on our world. † (Morgan,1998 pp. 261). Pollutants, poisons and other cancer causing hazards are ingested or promoted by food and tobacco companies. Similar threats are caused from environmental pollutions that are legally and illegally dumped in water and land. Contaminated air, land and water hurt people causing cancer or other health problems and big corporations that cause these hazards are sometimes not penalized. These organizations place profits before human welfare. Foreign countries are easily manipulated by employment with hazards, disease, and degradation. Costco has circumvented many of the â€Å"ugly face† views by taking care or rewarding their customers, employees, and suppliers. They take care of their employees by giving them a substantially higher pay than other companies, they promote from within and they are rewarded and valued as people.