German Development issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

German Development issue - Essay Example To be sure, Germany had transparently upheld the work and budgetary changes that were presented in the gathering really planned to manage beast rising joblessness and credit issues. â€Å"Unions were anyway gladdened by the way that German Chancellor Angela Merkel, who met a worker's organization appointment in Toronto on 26 June, bolstered worker's guild requests to reference the ongoing G20 Labor Ministers meeting in Washington in the last proclamation, and said that Germany stood prepared to have a further G20 Labor Ministerial during the following year† (ITUC, 2010). The above is the proof that German government specialists are anxious to participate and arrange with different worker's guilds and laborer associations so they could haggle to arrive at an agreement for government assistance and well †being of representatives. In fact, the gathering with Labor pastors of G †20 countries would empower the concerned specialists to characterize the current situation with work advertise and to examine potential measures for additional improvement. Germany has additionally supported improving common macroeconomic participation and coordinated effort with other G †20 part nations to effectively actualize the new changes that would help deflect worldwide money related emergency in future. Without a doubt, there is critical need to actualize this structure to guarantee endurance, development and supportability of budgetary and monetary establishments across created and creating countries. Germany upheld the plan to fix existing global monetary framework in the light of recommendations from credible money related organizations, for example, IMF and the World Bank. For example, there has been quick need to build up a generally adaptable monetary framework that will help ‘reducing orderly hazard and good hazards’. Accordingly, the likelihood that the world may confront another credit emergency in future could be diminished. (OECD,

Diabetes Eye Disease Diabetic Retinopathy

Question: Talk about the Diabetes Eye Disease for Diabetic Retinopathy. Answer: Presentation As per the American Diabetes Association, (ADA, 2014) diabetes mellitus can be characterized as a metabolic issue portrayed by high glucose which is known as hyperglycemia. It very well may be ordered into three classes; diabetes type 1, diabetes type 2 and gestational diabetes. Type 2 is the most well-known one. It is chiefly brought about by opposition of body cells to insulin, which is associated with guideline of glucose. This outcomes in strangely elevated levels of sugar, a molded known as hyperglycemia. Diabetes eye sicknesses happen as a complexity related with the high glucose. These infections are: diabetes retinopathy, diabetes macular edema, waterfalls and glaucoma. Diabetes retinopathy is the most widely recognized one. Diabetes macular edema is related with diabetes retinopathy. Glaucoma and waterfalls can grow optionally after improvement of retinopathy. These maladies may cause trouble in observing and may eventually bring about visual impairment. In the conversation beneath, the life structures of the eye has been disclosed to detail and the conditions that would prompt retinopathy, the phases in retinopathy, and the manner in which this can be taken care of so as to save Mr. Smiths visual perception. Life systems of the Eye The eye is the organ associated with sight.it changes over light beams into signals that are transmitted into the mind where they are deciphered. At the point when the word eye is referenced it starts up three wordings that are pertinent to the subject. As indicated by P. Kronfeld, (2014) the life systems of the eye can be talked about under the accompanying classes; the eyeball, the circle and additional visual muscles. The gross life systems and embryology of the eye. The circle alludes to hard structure of the skull where the eye ball is found. The eyeball is the practical piece of an eye that is engaged with the transduction of light beams into signals. The eyeball is encircled by an upper and lower eyelid with eye lashes. These are a defensive system against physical harm of the eyeball. The external straightforward layer covering the eyeball is known as the conjunctiva. Some portion of the eye that seems white and encompasses a hued segment is called sclera, while the hued area is known as iris. The iris has various types of pigmentations relying upon the race which one has a place with. The focal piece of the iris is an opening known as the understudy. The iris extends and tightens to change the size of the understudy so as to center the light beams. Behind the iris is a straightforward curved focal point which combine the beams on the retina. At the rear of the eyeball is the retina. This is a light delicate layer of cells associated with the transduction of light to flag. It contains poles and cone cells. The zone of most honed vision is known as fovea reticularis. The sign is transmitted through the optic plate to the optic nerve then to the mind. There is are two chambers loaded up with liquid; the fluid and vitreous silliness. The additional visual muscles facilitate the development of the eyeball upwards, downwards and sideways. Instrument of Vision In see Martin J. Touvee (2013) the significant capacity of the eye is to trap light beams and spotlight them on the retina (p.10). Prologue to visual frameworks Light beams can arrive at the retina because of the straightforward idea of the eyeball structures. It first goes through the conjunctiva. The iris limits the measure of light entering the eye. At the point when the light is excessively brilliant, it tightens decreasing the measure of light arriving at the retina. On the off chance that the light is too diminish it loosens up augmenting the understudy. The iris has melanin color to ingest stray beams which would frame numerous pictures. The focal point combines the beams to shape a picture on the retina. The retina has a dark shade that keeps the light beams from bobbing back. The poles and cones transduce light vitality into signal transmitted through optic nerve to the piece of the mind that deciphers the sign into a picture that can be seen. Diabetes Retinopathy This is a condition that outcomes from high measures of glucose, an attribute of diabetes mellitus. A determinedly high glucose prompts annihilation of the veins of the retina. It prompts spillage of the vein substance which mutilates vision. The fundamental purposes behind loss of vision in patients with diabetes mellitus are diabetic macular edema and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (M. Netwich and W. Ulbig, 2015, p.1) Diabetes retinopathy advances in four particular stages. The main stage is gentle non proliferative retinopathy.in this phase there is just expanding of little veins a condition alluded to as miniaturized scale aneurysms. Vision is negligibly twisted. The second is moderate non proliferative retinopathy.in this case veins swell and may lose their capacity feed the retina. This stage is related with diabetes macula edema and it cause changes in retinal appearance.in the third stage, serious non proliferative retinopathy, a development factor that advances developme nt of fresh blood vessels is discharged. In the last propelled stage, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, fresh blood vessels develop from the retina. They are progressively delicate and prone to spill and drain. As the vessels mend scar arrangement may cause compression that can confine the retina. This may prompt lasting vision misfortune. End Diabetes retinopathy creates because of disappointment of legitimate administration of the glucose levels. As indicated by Kilari, E. K., Putta, S. (2017). Taking the drug accurately and taking a solid eating routine postpones vision misfortune. Deferred Progression of Diabetic Cataract beginning and Retinopathy, Cutaneous and visual toxicology,36 (1), 52-59. Medicine incorporates insulin and other hyperglycemic drugs. Enlarged eye test is additionally important to screen movement. Retinopathy in Mr. Smith can be overseen through treatments and sticking to specialists guidance taking drugs and diet References The American Diabetes Association. (2014). Determination and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus.Diabetes care,37(Supplement 1), S81-S90. Kronfeld. P. C. (2014). The Gross Anatomy and Embryology of the Eye. The Eye,1(968), 1. Martin J .Tovee (2001). Prologue to visual frameworks; eye and shaping images.(10-17) Nentwich, M. M., Ulbig, M. W.(2015). Diabetic retinopathy-visual difficulties of diabetes mellitus. World diary of diabetes,6(3), 489. American Diabetes Association. (2014). Official rundown: norms of clinical consideration in diabetes2014. Kilari, E. K., Putta, S. (2017). Deferred movement of diabetic cataractogenesis and retinopathy by Litchi chinensis in STZ-prompted diabetic rats.Cutaneous and visual toxicology,36(1), 52-59.

Mini-CFPB Could Be Future for California - OppLoans

“Mini-CFPB” Could Be Future for California - OppLoans “Mini-CFPB” Could Be Future for CaliforniaInside Subprime: May 15, 2019By Lindsay FrankelA California lawmaker is advocating for the creation of a statewide Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to further protect consumers, while critics say the move would be more burdensome for lenders.Assemblywoman Monique Limón, D-Santa Barbara, said in March 2019 that California needs more consumer protection, either through a “mini CFPB” or by stepping up enforcement through California’s Department of Business Oversight.“We are working to really rethink what a state CFPB would do,” Limón stated. “We see the presence of predatory lending products in auto loans, payday loans, cash advance and small business loans.”Richard Cordray, former head of the CFPB, was also present at Limón’s press conference. Cordray has recently been in California to advise the state on how it should regulate banking and other financial services.Federal consumer protection enforcement under the CFPB has scaled back since 2017, when the Trump administration took office. Since then, states have discussed how to fill perceived gaps in consumer protection through their own regulations.And California has led headlines with such debates, since it has both the fifth-largest economy in the world and a population of almost 40 million people, and leaders in the state have been vocal against the federal CFPB’s recent moves to delay tougher payday loan rules.California’s DBO is currently the overarching agency in the state for regulating all matters of protecting consumers, with a dual role of also monitoring banks, credit unions, and other financial services.In late March 2019, Cordray spoke before California’s Assembly Banking and Finance Committee, saying that there exists a “conflict of interest” within the DBO’s dual responsibilities.“That is not the right answer for a state as important as California,” he told the committee.Cordray and others say they want two separa te agencies to handle these matters.Lenders and industry advocates say the move to create a mini-CFPB would be overly burdensome for lenders and that a new agency could create conflicting regulations, since there’s already an organization that regulates the finance industry.A retired deputy commissioner at the DBO criticized the move, saying a mini-CFPB would need a lot more funding and people on staff to enforce consumer protections, but did agree that reforming the DBO would be a positive step.The DBO has undergone recent administrative changes. Gov. Gavin Newsom  appointed Affirm’s General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer, Manny Alvarez, to take over as DBO commissioner in March. If confirmed, Alvarez will become the second commissioner ever of the agency, which was created in 2014 by a merger of the Departments of Corporations and Financial Institutions.That could signal, as one attorney wrote, a larger budget for the DBO and increased enforcement action.So, while a min i CFPB is still being floated amongst California leaders, the move could be held off, at least for the time beginning.Learn more about payday loans, scams, and cash advances by  checking out our city and state financial guides, including California, Anaheim,  Bakersfield,  Chico,  Fresno,  Los Angeles,  Modesto,  Oakland,  Redding,  Riverside,  Sacramento, San Diego,  San Francisco,  San Jose,  Santa Barbara, and  Stockton.Visit  OppLoans  on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIn

The Patterns Of Biological Diversity Throughout Rivers And...

The patterns of biological diversity in rivers and streams among taxa vary on a spatial and temporal scale (Ligeiro et al. 2010; McGarvey and Terra 2015). Variations in stream ecology can be contributed to water quality, habitat, and history of disturbance (Lingeiro et al. 2010). Creeks and streams feed into rivers and other larger bodies of water, which provide food, water, and other commercial and recreational services as well as a home to an array of plants and animals which rely on clean water. The health of these smaller bodies of water can act as indicators for the health of the larger watershed. Benthic macroinvertebrates have been used to assess the health of aquatic environments. Quality analysis involves looking at benthic species composition and organization within the stream (Resh and Unzicke 1975). Different macroinvertebrates have differing sensitivities to pollutant, with some being more susceptible to environmental toxins than others (Metcalfe 1989). Such methods gro up macroinvertebrates in regards to their tolerance to pollution. The EPT Index looks at Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies, respectively) as indicators of aquatic community health. The idea behind the EPT Index is that healthier streams have a greater richness of species as many species of macroinvertebrates are intolerant of pollutions and thus will not be found in low quality bodies of water (Lenat 1988). Previous studies have found that EPTShow MoreRelatedArchaeology Notes19985 Words   |  80 Pagesof Early Hominines†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦39 African Pre- Historic Art†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.49 Definition of Terms Angular torus a thickened bony ridge on the back of the parietal Biostratigraphy the use of biological organisms found in rocks to correlate ages between sites. Bipedalism refers to locomotion e.g., walking, jogging, running, etc., on two legs. Geology, is the study of the earth, which allows us to understand the preservation, age, and environment

Pharmacodynamics and Physicochemical Properties of Sotalol and Propranolol Free Essay Example, 1500 words

The researcher states that Propranolol is highly lipophilic and completely absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. The bioavailability of the drug is more after food and when administered chronically. The distribution of the drug is very rapid. The pharmacokinetics studies have confirmed that they have a high binding affinity with the plasma. At the same time, the binding capability differs with the half-life of the drug. The plasma protein binding of propranolol may affect the rate of excretion and hepatic clearance in animals including dogs and rats. The half-life of the drug is largely dependent on the liver blood flow. Studies of intravenous administration in rats showed that higher concentrations of propranolol produced a reduced binding affinity for propranolol. At high doses, the half-life of the drug and the volume of distribution were found to be high. The half-life of the Sotalol in dogs was 4.3 0.4 hours and this is longer than any other beta-adrenergic blocker in dogs. The renal clearance of the drug was 4.21 0.31 ml/ min/ kg in dogs. The total plasma clearance was around 90% and 72 12 % of the drug was excreted unchanged in urine. We will write a custom essay sample on Pharmacodynamics and Physicochemical Properties of Sotalol and Propranolol or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page In monkeys, propranolol was completely absorbed and the plasma concentrations were observed after 1 hour. The excretion of the drug was completely through urine in a monkey, but in dogs and rats, 25% of the excretion was in the feces. When drug concentration was observed through HPLCS, the basic metabolites were present in the concentration of 35 1% in dog, the through 2% in rats, and 53 5% in the hamster.

Starbucks Case Study - 11286 Words

AmbaiU MBA Graduation Paper Starbucks Corporation Case Study The Starbucks Corporation: Past, Present and Future By Hervà © R. AUCH-ROY – PEN: 1207HA December 21, 2004. http://www.ambaiuniversity.net/ Hervà © R. AUCH-ROY AmbaiU PEN: 1207HA 1 AmbaiU MBA Graduation Paper Starbucks Corporation Case Study Table of Contents A) Introduction - An unusual coffee encounter – 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 6 7 8 9 9 10 11 12 12 13 17 17 18 19 19 20 21 23 23 25 26 27 28 B) Starbucks: Past B.1) Early days - The original coffee shop: cofounders’ philosophy - Howard Schultz enters the picture - Collecting ideas - Expanding the vision and building the concept - Howard Schultz’s Il Giornale venture B.2) Shifting gears - A shift in the company profile:†¦show more content†¦Coffee would be only the vehicle for a place where people want to stay for a while, a sort of place-like-home, in between home and office. That should become the differentiating factor of Starbucks. - Expanding the vision and building the concept But far from convincing Baldwin and Bowker, Schultz encountered strong resistance from them as to diversify Starbucks activities into serving fresh brewed coffee. Hervà © R. AUCH-ROY AmbaiU PEN: 1207HA 4 AmbaiU MBA Graduation Paper Starbucks Corporation Case Study Baldwin and Bowker had a different strategy: they intended to purchase Peet’s Coffee and Tea enterprise in San Francisco, and pursue along the line of local stores providing high quality coffee beans and teas. The cost of this acquisition would leave very little for Schultz’s plans anyway. But the operations didn’t go smoothly after that for Baldwin and Bowker; managing the stores back and forth between Seattle and San Francisco caused the employees to feel neglected, even more as their bonus was not paid due to the tight financial situation of Starbucks at that time. Starbucks suffered from a lack of confidence from its employees, and the business was in danger, calling for an action from the management to regain trust. Schultz kept pressuring Baldwin to let him do a market test of selling beverages in one Starbucks store. Although the experience was a success,Show MoreRelatedStarbucks Case Study : Starbucks1148 Words   |  5 PagesStarbucks Case Study Throughout the United States and Asia, Starbucks is renounced for their expertly crafted coffee, so much so that an immensely large portion of the nation at least recognizes the logo and the name. This success to this day keeps producing higher returns for investors especially over this last third quarter of 2016. The third quarter had set many new records with Starbucks for both the American markets as well as the Asian markets causing a big boom for the company and sparkingRead MoreStarbucks Case Study : Starbucks904 Words   |  4 PagesSTARBUCKS CASE STUDY Starbucks was started by three former students of the university of San Francisco named Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl and Gordon Bowker. Their plan was to sell high quality coffee beans and roasting equipment but did not expect the success that their company would achieve in the future. The first Starbucks store was opened in March 30, 1971 in seattle, Washington. Their first store was located at 2000 Western Avenue and it sold roasted whole bean coffee till 1976. Soon they shiftedRead MoreStarbucks Case Study794 Words   |  4 PagesStarbucks Case Study - What factors accounted for the extraordinary success of Starbucks in the early 1990s? Building a successful brand with multiple stores opening. Selling whole beans and premium priced coffee. They also new and understood their target market. Unlike many other coffee shops they sold the lifestyle around the coffee and made it an experience for their customers as apposed to it being just an addition to a donut in the morning. They made it a lifestyle choice and somethingRead MoreStarbucks Case Study908 Words   |  4 PagesStarbucks Case Study Overview Starbucks Corporation is an international coffeehouse chain based in Seattle, Washington. Starbucks is the largest coffeehouse company in the world. Starbucks sells drip brewed coffee, espresso-based hot drinks, other hot and cold drinks, snacks, and items such as mugs and coffee beans. Many of the companys products are seasonal or specific to the locality of the store. Starbucks-brand ice cream and coffee are also offered at grocery stores. Starbucks’ ItalianRead MoreStarbucks Case Study1452 Words   |  6 PagesStarbucks Case Study 1 MKTG 220 September 18th, 2012 Table of Contents Case Review3 Determining the Root Problem4 Identifying the Problem Components4-5 Generating Alternatives5 Evaluating Alternatives6 Choose an Alternative7 Implementation Plan7 Alternative Choice8 Work Cited9 Case Review Starbucks is one of the leading coffee retailers in the world; according to their company profile they are operating nearly 18,000 retail stores in 60 countries. They serve millions of customersRead MoreStarbucks Case Study948 Words   |  4 PagesCase Study: The Globalization of Starbucks From the famous green and white logo, to the coffee house style environment, Starbucks has built an empire located on every street corner. We also cannot forget the red cup debacle just this Christmas! Starbucks is a true icon in the world of coffee. Starbucks created a true lifestyle for the world that some small businesses can only dream of. Starbucks currently has more than 21,000 stores in over 65 countries and was founded in 1971. The originalRead MoreStarbucks Case Study1429 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction This is a proposal based on the case study â€Å"Starbucks – going global fast† (Cateora and Graham, 2007), further research has been undertaken and analysis and recommendation will be based on these sources of information. Critique and analysis Being a multinational company expanding at a speed that leads thoughts towards badly imaged global corporation like McDonalds are these days not considered a strength. McDonalds might have conquered the world and made profit of people’s badRead MoreStarbucks Case Study1455 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Since its 1992 IPO, Starbucks has continually focused on growth. Initially, the growth was targeted to enable Starbucks to achieve their goal of becoming the leading North American retailer of specialty coffee. The early success they achieved resulted in Starbucks expanding their original goal to that of becoming the most recognized and respected coffee brand in the world. By way of example, this case study focuses on a request by McDonalds to serve Starbucks coffee at its restaurantsRead Morestarbucks case study951 Words   |  4 PagesCase study: Starbucks Evolution of the company Starbucks when established in 1971by three founding members; it was known as Starbucks Coffee, Tea and Spices. They were not selling beverages instead they sold coffee beans. By the next year itself they opened a second one in same Seattle, Washington. In early 1980 the management change took place while one of the founding members left Starbucks and Jerry Baldwin became a CEO. When Howard Schultz joined the company and took charge of marketingRead MoreStarbucks Case Study1822 Words   |  8 PagesStarbucks case study 1- I think the most important management skills for Schultz to have are the conceptual skills. Since Schultz is the chairman of Starbucks, which means he is the top manager of the company, the conceptual skills are the most important for him to have. Mostly because conceptual skills help him see the organization as a whole. It helps the manager understand the relationship among the various subunits, and visualize how the organization fits into its broader environment. In fact

Costco History free essay sample

The history of Costco began in July, 1976, in San Diego, California, and its name was Price Club. It was cofounded by Sol and Robert Price. The newly designed business was the first ‘warehouse’ business of it’s kind. This retail business originally targeted other business owners, but blended retail and wholesale. Price Club had unbeatable low prices and sold bulk items. Three years later, 1979, Price Club expanded two new locations. They acquired 200,000 members and profited 1 million dollars. Price Cub showed a loss of profits the first year, but the expansion proved profitable. Jim Sinegal is a key player to the success of Costco because he started his career being mentored by Sol Price. He worked in the warehouse business at Price Club and another warehouse business called Fedmart, both owned by Sol Price. (Cardon). In 1983, Jim Sinegal and Jeff Brottman would open their own warehouse club near Seattle Washington, and it was called Costco (Daft, 2012 pp. 605). One year later, Costco expanded to nine warehouses in five states. It was not long before Price Club realized they could achieve larger cliental if they served a selected audience of ‘non-business’ members. This payed off by the year 1984, Price Club sales would be greater than one billion dollars and is the first company to achieve this mark in a six year period. Almost ten years later, 1993, Costco and Price Club, would merge and become PriceCostco. This merge was nicely matched because they were very similar in business model and size. The combined companies included 206 locations and generated $16 billion in annual sales. Jim Sinegal would also become Costco’s President and chief executive (Priceviewer). The merger only lasted about four years and, in 1997, PriceCostco became Costco. Jim Sinegal remained President and chief executer (Carden, 2011). Costco’s Mission statement: To continually provide our members with quality goods and services at the lowest possible prices in order to achieve our mission we will conduct our business with the following Code of Ethics in mind: Obey the law, Take care of our members and our employees, and respect our vendors/suppliers. â€Å"If we do these four things throughout our organization, then we will realize our ultimate goal, which is to reward our shareholders. † Jim Sinegal. (Costco, 2011) Costco’s operating philosophy is to keep costs down, and pass the savings on to their customers. To offer high quality brand name merchandise at prices below any other avenue of retail. They accomplish this several ways. They buy high volumes of merchandise directly from manufactures and not distributers. The merchandise is shipped directly to a selling warehouse and not a storage area, and this also reduces freight costs. Costco warehouses are located on sites where property costs are minimum not on high real estate locations. Merchandise, or stock, is placed directly on a selling floor and on the pallets that they are delivered on. By doing this, labor and handling, costs are reduced to save the customer money. Sales and service employees are kept at a minimal to also reduce overhead costs. Last, because Costco’s has such an incredibly large membership base they have influence and power to haggle prices with their manufacturers and suppliers. â€Å"Costco is able to offer lower prices and better values by eliminating virtually all the frills and costs historically associated with conventional wholesalers and retailers, including salespeople, fancy buildings, delivery, billing and accounts receivable. We run a tight operation with extremely low overhead which enables us to pass on dramatic savings to our members. † Jim Sinegal (corporate, 2012). Costco pride’s themselves as a leading warehouse/big box retailer. Sales volume exceeds that of their competition and they use a â€Å"consumer first† business model. This business model is a creative way that has expanded sales. Costco has developed additional ways to continue to save money for their customers. They did this by creating their own brand. Costco’s personal brand is ‘Kirkland Signature. Kirkland, Washingtons the root of Costco and is where their headquarters is located. Kirkland Signature brand was introduced to Costco stores in 1995. It was designed to be equal or better quality than national brands. Kirkland Signature products include diapers, coffee, tires, clothing, film, housewares and more. (Priceviewer). Often, national brands are co- brands with Kirkland Signature products. They believe that achieving a long term objectives of reducing employee turnover and enhancing employee satisfaction is beneficial. To accomplish this they hire employees at an above average hourly rate, they train and promote from within. Doing this, their employees feel loyalty and valued. Costco Continues to be financially successful today and has expanded internationally. Their mission and ethics have proved to be successful and beneficial to all that the organization is involved with to include, customers employees, suppliers/vendors and stockholders. What does organizational design truly mean? Have you considered how it can work best? If yes, how? If no, why not? Organizational design is a formal process for integrating people, information, and technology. Organizations are people that have a declaration of purpose, vision and strategy. This structure matches people to the purpose it seeks to achieve a common goal or purpose. It is designed to enhance communication, information, and resources to optimize human achievement. The end product is an integrated system of people and resources tailored to the specific direction of the organization. Organizational design basically is an execution of an administrative plan guided by a leader/leaders. The design of the organization can work best if the people work together as a team. It will also work best, if the mission, vision, strategy, purpose and needs of the organization are identified and the goals are achievable. Organizations also work best if it’s leader understands, guides and assures the process is followed and encourages creative thinking. If their is not an effective leader who does not have a mission, vision, strategy and followers, the organization can and will fail. Costco has proven to have a successful organizational design. Describe the â€Å"Trap of favored ways of thinking†? How did it impact your thinking? In Organizations ‘traps’ can be hazardous to their success. These traps can prohibit and restrict creativity, limits capabilities and limits ability to progress into the future. Some common traps are: Group Thinking- Productive conflict is critical if common traits are shared in a group because it prevents bad ideas from being implemented without discussion or consideration. Non productive conflict is not productive and can become a hostile situation. Group thinking is pervasive. â€Å"We have never done it like this before† If you always do what you do, you always get what you got. Be courages and attempt change. Make sure to make meaning changes. â€Å"You’re Gooder† syndrome- Respect is over emphasized to their authorities and lacks candor, honesty and courage. Inbred Culture When hiring employees is based on time, ore years of service and loyalty rather than exceptional performance. Problems will arise. The leadership chain of command will be incompetent and will breed more incompetence. Arbitrary Directives and policies are determined by top management. If decisions and policies are made with randomness and for unknown reason then those are signs that indicates that the leader is disconnected and out of touch. This truly impacted my thinking because I was not aware and I learned many things! It made so much since why organizations struggle, fail and succeed. It caused many flashbacks to my military career, and also, my teachers, mentors and friends. When I think about this, in reference to Costco, any of these trapped ways of thinking could have jeopardized their success. â€Å"The Ugly Face† often stifles an organizations growth. How? Did you position to circumvent it in your design? The ugly face refers to organizations that exploit employees, the global economy, or the natural environment as instruments of domination that furthers selfish needs and dominance. Taking what they need and throwing or destroying what isn’t needed. â€Å"Whether by design or default, organizations often have a large negative impact on our world. † (Morgan,1998 pp. 261). Pollutants, poisons and other cancer causing hazards are ingested or promoted by food and tobacco companies. Similar threats are caused from environmental pollutions that are legally and illegally dumped in water and land. Contaminated air, land and water hurt people causing cancer or other health problems and big corporations that cause these hazards are sometimes not penalized. These organizations place profits before human welfare. Foreign countries are easily manipulated by employment with hazards, disease, and degradation. Costco has circumvented many of the â€Å"ugly face† views by taking care or rewarding their customers, employees, and suppliers. They take care of their employees by giving them a substantially higher pay than other companies, they promote from within and they are rewarded and valued as people.

The Concept of Community Development to the Homeless Youths in Australia

Introduction A community is a group of individuals who share a common location. These individuals have a lot of aspects in common for instance their needs, values, beliefs, preferences as well as aspirations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept of Community Development to the Homeless Youths in Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Community development on the other hand entails the process and practices that are undertaken by various responsible individuals and groups for example political leaders, nongovernmental organizations and activists among others, in an effort to uplift the lives of communities through improving various aspects that surround them. Community development is a broad concept which focuses on building communities especially on a local basis by ensuring that the status of the overall economy of a nation is enhanced, the social ties among people are strengthened and that the needs of all individuals in a community are met. There are various approaches and strategies that could be adopted to allow for community development, each with its benefits as well as limitations depending on a given situation. This piece of work gives a comprehensive discussion on the concept of community development with much emphasis being given to the Homeless Youths in Australia (the community chosen as the case study). The paper will discuss the problems faced by the youths in the country and how community development strategies could be used in eliminating this ordeal. Background information of the community (the youths) Youths are usually a very significant constituent of the overall population in any given nation. This is because they possess a lot of value and energy that could change most of the activities undertaken in a nation in the current period as well as in future. The youths are young people who have not yet attained adulthood age. This is a community that is very vuln erable to a lot of social as well as economic related problems as a result of their age and the fact that parents expect them to be a bit independent as opposed to when they were considered as children and hence totally dependent on help from parents and other people.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The situation is even worse in Australia since we have a very disturbing problem of the homeless youths. This group of youths is at a greater risk as compared to the ordinary youths who have no problem with housing or those who have comfortable homes. According to the Australian government national enquiry into homeless children and youths report of 1989, the homeless youth population in Australia was estimated to a range of 20,000 to 25,000 a figure that is way too high1. According to a study carried out by Johnson (2008), the condition of youth homelessness in Australia is worsenin g day by day. A national study of homelessness in Australia as per the year 2008 indicated that more that 100,000 individuals were homeless with the young people between the ages of 12 and 24 years old totaling to about 36,000. This is an alarming figure and calls for strategic plans and actions to alleviate these issues and make the lives of the youths comfortable and brighter. In Brisbane for example, which is a city with a population of approximately 1.2 million people, the number of the homeless youths is estimated to total to 3000002. The nature of the issues and aspirations of the youths To come up with a clear description of the nature of the issues and aspirations of the homeless youths in Australia, an appreciative inquiry process was used. Some written documentation was also useful in giving relevant information about the same. The homeless youths in Australia face a lot of problems. The issues include, lack of personal security and privacy, lack of basic commodities like food, bedding and clothing, hygiene and sanitation, reduced access to health care facilities, limited access to quality education, discrimination from the society which creates problems with normal relationships enjoyed by other ordinary people in the society, increased unemployment rates, limited access to essential services like banking and communication technology and violence and abuse among others. These problems put the homeless youths at a risk and they end up engaging in criminal activities as a way of hiding their disappointments in life. They could for example be involved in substance abuse, drug trafficking, gang operations among other criminal related activities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept of Community Development to the Homeless Youths in Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This does not solve their problems but rather worsen their condition and hence some community developme nt strategies to solve this could be essential. Despite the problems they face, the youths aspire to be successful in future and would wish to acquire quality education which will enable them to be independent for example through securing good employment opportunities3. Development focus There are various types of development focuses that could be taken in different situations in regard to the needs and aspirations of a particular community or group of individuals in question. The focuses of community development include some form of economic development, political development, social development as well as foreign relations development. Economic development entails the improvement in the standard of living of the individuals in a given nation through enhancement of the economic status especially in terms of the income levels. Economic development is deemed to be connected to the overall development of the people and a nation at large as it leads to the general well being of those g overned by the economic development policies. Social development on the other hand is a process that is aimed at changing social- related structures and operations so as to enhance the capacity of the community enabling it to achieve its aspirations. Political development entails the enhancement of various aspects that form the political power system of a society for instance the attitudes, beliefs, values as well as the institutions. Political development is very essential as it promotes a nation’s capacity to not only mobilize but also allocate resources to various sectors of the economy. Development of foreign relations entails promoting good relations between a given nation and other nations in the world. This is very essential as it allows for effective collaboration of nations in various aspects. It is however possible only when a nation has achieved internal development. The issue of homeless youths in Australia could be solved through the application of all these deve lopments focuses since it touches on all of them especially the social, economic and political development. The problems faced by the youths are economical, political and social in nature and hence necessitates taking of various actions and establishment of various policies to reduce them or rather eliminate them.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Community development approaches to be applied From the above named development approaches, I consider economic, social and political development (in this order) to be very crucial when it comes to the issue of the homeless youths in Australia. Economic development would ensure that the living standards of the population including the youths are improved to a great extent through empowering them. The homeless youths could for instance get access to housing facilities hence reducing their problems. Social development on the other hand would ensure that people have got access to essential social facilities and that the relationship ties are well established avoiding aspects like discrimination and risks of violence. Political development will be helpful in ensuring that appropriate policies are put in place to ensure fair allocation of resources hence quality life of all individuals including the homeless youths. There are various strategies that could be utilized under these developm ent programs to ensure that the problems faced by the homeless youths in Australia are solved and that their aspirations are fulfilled in one way or the other. Some of the strategies are individual-based while others entail collaboration of various persons and responsible authorities for instance the government, youth foundations, non governmental institutions among others. Each strategy is suitable for utilization in particular situations and could be associated with some benefits and limitations in terms of the results achieved after they are used. Some of the strategies that would be utilized by the different authorities in an effort to curb the problem of homelessness among children and youths in Australia include; different campaign strategies aimed at educating all the responsible individuals and groups on the issues of youth homelessness and all the aspects that surround it so that appropriate actions could be taken. This is because some things usually happen as a result of i gnorance or lack of understanding of the seriousness of matters or else how they can be solved. Positive campaigning could involve the homeless youths where they could be educated on the various ways that in which their lives would be made better. This will help in removing them from their hopelessness and disappointment status giving them hope of a better life. The youths could then be involved in the search of different paths that could be followed in order to satisfy their needs or else solve their problems. Campaigning aims at bringing about some positive change especially through mobilizing the external factors. Direct action campaign for instance, is aimed at achieving specific goals and could be used to sensitize the responsible bodies to help solve the problems faced by the homeless youths in Australia. Another very significant strategy that could help in dealing with the issues faced by the homeless youths is community capacity building. This entails a process through which the homeless youth are empowered through various means for instance equipping them with relevant skills and knowledge. Through community building, I would advocate for establishment of an institution that will take care of the needs of the homeless youths and empower them fully. Community development principles and their importance There are various community development principles that could be used in the various strategies or approaches adopted in the development focuses. Some of the common community development principles include empowerment, participation, lobbying, social policy development and advocating for various elements like social justice among others. For the sake of this assignment I chose direct campaigning and community capacity building as the appropriate strategies to be used mainly due to the status of the community chosen for study, the homeless youths in Australia. The community development principles like participation and empowerment would ensure that the st rategies put in place are appropriately implemented and hence allow for achievement of the set goals and objectives in regard to solving the problem of homelessness among youths in Australia. Participation entails involvement of people in activities that are aimed at benefiting them. In regard to the problem at hand I would propose for strategies that actively involve the youths. This will ensure that the strategies are successful because they are as a result of the victims initiatives. The youths will for example be involved in the suggestion of the various skills and knowledge to be impacted in the established institution4. Empowerment is the other community development principle that could be very useful in solving the issues faced by the homeless youths in Australia. It entails increasing the strength of the youths where they see themselves to be capable of contributing positively to the society. In regard to this issue, the youths would be empowered (in the established institut ion) through provision of education services and other training aimed at making them independent. This will allow them to secure good job opportunities that will in turn allow them to sustain themselves and those around them hence eliminating the problem of homelessness and all the issues associate with it. Limitations/ barriers that could be faced in community development processes and practices and How to overcome the limitations The process of community development is not a smooth one but is faced with various challenges. In my process of engaging the homeless youths improve their status through participation and community building, I would be faced with some barriers. This would include resistance in taking part in some of the advocated activities for various reasons for example the fear that they may not be successful and hence they may end up wasting time and remain in the same situation.This could be solved through encouragement and educational campaigns aimed at putting sens e into them. Another barrier could be lack of resources for example finances to facilitate the activities such as establishment and maintenance of the institution to house the homeless youth and provide them with necessary facilities and services. This could be solved through asking for financial and other related support from various sources for instance the government and non governmental organizations. Conclusion Community development is a very significant aspect that should never be underemphasized under any circumstance. This is because the various strategies adopted for the purpose of community development have been very successful in solving community-based problems as well as helping individuals to attain their dreams or aspirations. The youths in Australia are faced with a variety of issues and utilization of the various community development approaches and strategies could help them come out of the situations and live a better life which would lead to their well being, in terms of empowerment and prosperity, as well as the well being of the entire society and the nation at large. The homeless youths in particular face a lot of psychological distress and could suffer from various psychiatric disorders if effective measures are not put in place. This could however be eliminated through community development. Bibliography Coyne, B. V. Homelessness: A bibliography. New York, Nova Publishers, 2007. Eade, D Oxfam UK Ireland. Capacity-Building: An Approach to People-Centered Development. UK, Oxfam, 1997. Johnson, C. â€Å"Worsening Youth Homelessness In Australia† 2008. Retrieved from, https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2008/08/home-a12.html Van der Ploeg, J.D, E. Scholte E.M. Scholte. Homeless Youth, London, SAGE, 1997. Footnotes 1. J.D Van der Ploeg, S. Evert S.M. Evert. Homeless youth, London, Sage, 1997. pp 20 2. C. Johnson. â€Å"Worsening youth homelessness in Australia† 2008. 3. B. V, Coyne, Homelessness: A bibliography. New York, Nova Publishers, 2007 pp 107 4. D, Eade Oxfam UK Ireland. Capacity-Building: An Approach to People-Centered Development. UK, Oxfam, 1997 UK pp 23 This essay on The Concept of Community Development to the Homeless Youths in Australia was written and submitted by user Crosby Snow to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Domestic Violence in the Asian Community and Essay Example

Domestic Violence in the Asian Community and Essay Example Domestic Violence in the Asian Community and Essay Domestic Violence in the Asian Community and Essay Hypothesis Based on research and statistics, it is known that domestic force toward Asiatic adult females is permeant. â€Å"Twelve per centum of Asiatic and Pacific Islander adult females reported sing physical assault by an intimate spouse at least one time during their life-time ( Tjaden A ; Thoennes, 2000 ) † . Unfortunately, documented studies of maltreatment most likely under-represent the figure of abused adult females due to the close and victimizing nature of domestic force. Asiatic adult females may come from assorted cultural backgrounds, including Philippines, India, China, Korea, Thailand, and Japan to call a few. Domestic force is a lay waste toing societal ailment that occurs much excessively often, peculiarly more so in civilizations that emphasize the importance of continuing the household name. This ideation may frequently take to intermeshed households who emphasize positive household properties while minimising or even denying negative facets of the household environ ment. Further, stigmatising issues such as domestic force are most likely minimized or overlooked by other household members. In consequence, it may besides be true that Asiatic adult females are discouraged from trusting on friends outside of the household for support and aid. Positions of adult females in Asiatic states may besides lend to the rate of domestic force in Asiatic communities. Womans have historically been looked upon as less valuable, able and intelligent in comparing to work forces. This position of adult females, although slightly altered within most recent old ages, continues to be a planetary obstruction in the promotion of adult females. This position is peculiarly held strong in Asiatic communities, where it continues to be more widely accepted. Additionally, based on the positions of the Asiatic population, women’s advocator plans may be scarce or nonexistent. In countries where plans do be, it may be highly unpatriotic to the household to describe cases of maltreatment or any other negative happening within the household place. Based on what is already known about victims of alien force, the effects of domestic force appear to be dually lay waste toing. An environment that is foremost assumed to be safe and comfy is alternatively replaced by one that is tainted, of all time endangering and without consolation. Possibly the lone support system the victim may hold assumed to hold is now stripped from her and replaced with fright and solitariness.The effects of this type of isolation normally lead to decreased self-esteem and increased feelings of shame and guilt ; which may do a ripple consequence in many other countries of the victim’s life. Due to mistreat, she may experience she can non accomplish her educational and/or calling ends. She may be isolated from household and friends due to the perpetrator’s fear that they may happen out she is being abused. The victim may experience enormous shame and guilt for remaining in an opprobrious relationship and therefore, subjecting her kids to such a volatile environment.Last, and most critically, the maltreatment can take to the victim’s terrible injury and many times even decease. Literature Review In order to outdo understand the nature of domestic force, it is critical to advert that the population being addressed is non a homogeneous one. Rather, when depicting abused adult females, this description includes adult females who are physically and/or mentally handicapped ; it includes adult females who can and can non read ; and it includes adult females who do and make non talk the linguistic communication of the state they are populating in. It besides includes adult females who come from any gamut of financially impoverished to really flush backgrounds ; and adult females who may be housewifes caring for immature kids to highly successful calling adult females. Additionally, although the focal point of this piece of research relates to Asiatic adult females, it is valuable to observe that adult females of all ethnicities are at hazard of going victims of domestic force ( Yoshioka, 2001 ) . Domestic force advocators have investigated abusers’ forms so that victims and advocators can break grok abusers’ pathological behaviours. The rhythm of force is a portraiture of the cyclical behaviours of maltreaters. It is described as three chief stages. The first stage depict how the maltreater becomes progressively angry, which may include antagonising the victim, naming her names and take downing her. A really big portion of maltreatment is in the signifier of verbal and emotional onslaught. The maltreater may state the victim that she deserves the maltreatment and even province that she likes the maltreatment. He may state her that no 1 else would desire her. In the 2nd stage, the maltreater hurts his victim by bring downing physical and/or sexual acts toward her. Soon after violent episodes, the maltreater will apologise for aching his spouse and may do promises he does non mean to maintain, such as neer aching her once more or assuring to seek aid. The maltreat er may besides try to smooth over the state of affairs by showering his spouse with gifts. Unfortunately, the maltreatment does non halt at that place and alternatively, he will go on to reiterate the rhythm ( Domestic Violence Awareness Project, 2005 ) . Knowing that the abuser’s behaviours are portion of a maladaptive rhythm is utile in informing victims of this rhythm. In this manner, they do non get down to internalise the maltreatment and do non larn to believe that the abuser’s verbal, physical and sexual maltreatment is granted. Alternatively, understanding the abuser’s dysfunctional method of associating allows victims to impute the maltreatment to the maltreater alternatively of their ain defects. With this cognition, victims are able to mend from the maltreatment and recover a feeling of dignity ( Yoshiaka, 2001 ) . It is widely believed that Asiatic adult females of many parts are extremely susceptible to lives of subjection and servitude to their spouses. This belief is attributed to a assortment of cultural factors. It is hypothesized that adult females remain in opprobrious relationships due to the stigma that is placed on them if they leave their spouse. In order to continue household self-respect, regard and award, adult females many times do non talk out against opprobrious state of affairss. In fact, due to the powerful traditional patterns enforced within Asiatic communities, extended household members who do hold cognition of the maltreatment encourage adult females to digest the maltreatment. In a survey by Ho ( 1990 ) , she sought to analyze the impact of domestic force within the Asiatic population, specifically within Southeast Asians including Laotians, Khmer, Vietnamese, and Chinese. The research worker found that the impact of traditional Asiatic values such as close household t ies, harmoniousness and order do non needfully direct the message that maltreatment is unacceptable. Alternatively, adult females are expected to play a submissive function that includes values of fatalism, doggedness and temperateness. Victims feel that if these qualities are maintained, they are demoing regard to their households and conveying them great award. Ultimately, victims feel they are honest adult females who are carry throughing their bridal responsibilities ( Ho, 1990 ) . Within the Asian-Indian population, the definition of relationship is about synonymous with matrimony due to the culture’s belief in ordered matrimony. Arranged matrimony is the pattern in which parents select their children’s future hubby or married woman. Potential couples are so allowed to supply their input about his or her possible hubby or married woman. A permanent matrimony is a symbolism of award and regard, which in bend reflects upon the full household. This is particularly of import for other siblings within the household, whose opportunities of being arranged depend greatly on their female siblings’ conformity to their hubbies. Additionally, for twosomes who have female kids, adult females may digest the maltreatment in order to protect their daughters’ â€Å"name† , or repute. Otherwise, if the household secret is exposed or the adult female leaves the relationship, a victim’s girl may neer hold a opportunity of acquiring marrie d because her household name is now tainted. Some Indian brides suffer dowry related maltreatment. A dowery is a material exchange given to the groom’s household by the bride’s household in exchange for the groom’s household ask foring the bride into their household. Sometimes, the groom’s household will demand more dowry money or other assets such as farm animal, autos or jewellery. If the demands are non fulfilled, the bride may be badly mistreated physically, verbally and sexually by her new groom and in-laws ( BBC Network, 2006 ) . The article Domestic Violence and Asian Immigrant Women by M. Yoshioka ( 2001 ) , explores the Asiatic community’s attitudes toward domestic force. The research worker besides desires to understand psychosocial factors sing domestic force within this population. Specifically, the survey was developed to look at three countries that involved abuser blessing of maltreatment: situation-specific blessing of force ; indorsement of male privilege ; and perceived options to mistreat. The scene of the survey takes topographic point in New York, which compels the research worker to present inquiries sing Asiatic families’ positions and battles with domestic force in the context of an immigrant state. Yoshiaka besides implemented an assessment tool that was specifically created to garner information about attitudes sing maltreatment titled, the Revised Attitudes toward Wife Abuse Scale ( RAWA ) , which was developed by Yoshiaka and DiNoia ( 1999 ) . In order to develop this appraisal tool, 650 studies of Chinese, Cambodian, Korean, Vietnamese, and South Asiatic grownups were gathered. Immigrant households contend with many obstructions. Abusive environments further complicate the hurdlings that exist for adult females who are taken out of their familiar fatherland elements. Based on these kineticss, victims of maltreatment in this type of environment are farther stray due to possible separation from household of beginning, linguistic communication barrier, and deficiency of cognition about the host country’s position of maltreatment and proviso of supportive services. Research workers found that it is a â€Å"complex interweaving of cultural, environmental, and interpersonal factors† that contribute to the possibility for domestic force within the immigrant population. They identify values such as privateness, award, temperateness, harmoniousness, and order ( Hofstede, 1984 ; Hu A ; Chen, 1999 ; Kirkbride, Tang, A ; Westwood, 1991 ; McLaughlin A ; Braun, 1998 ) as factors that may minimise the badness of domestic force within the civilization ( Ho, 1990 ) . Additionally, immigrants’ support system is normally left buttocks in their fatherland, which strips them of supportive household and friends who could otherwise support and advice victims. Further, they may non be knowing of the support services available in their host state. Another factor that contributes to isolation is a possible linguistic communication barrier ( Das Dasgupota A ; Warrier, 1996 ) . Lack of bid of the host country’s linguistic communication could b e perfectly lay waste toing and fearful for a victim who is already isolated from a support system and a familiar environment. Consequences from the survey showed that gender, ethnicity and informant to parental maltreatment were factors lending to greater credence of married woman maltreatment. Males were more likely to back maltreatment, peculiarly Kampuchean work forces when compared with Chinese work forces. Additionally, kids who witnessed their female parents being abused were more likely to see maltreatment as acceptable. Research workers made a concluding and important point, saying that although Asiatic immigrants are categorized within one class, there are evident differences in Asians’ positions of spousal maltreatment. Methodology In depicting domestic force toward Asiatic adult females and its effects, it was foremost necessary to depict what a victim is like. Unfortunately, the general public assumes that a beat-up adult female is most likely quite vulnerable in that she is uneducated, inactive and weak. Some even believe that a victim enjoys the maltreatment. Many people wonder why an abused adult female does non merely go forth her relationship. The world is that anyone could be a victim, irrespective of age, race, disablement position, fiscal position, and instruction. This is why it was of import to depict the profile of a victim at the get downing – to stress that thereisno typical profile. Anyone could go victim to mistreat by merely swearing that her spouse will care for her with regard. Victims could besides be male childs and work forces, nevertheless, for the intent of this research, this population was non addressed to any capacity. Additionally, cultural norms of other ethnicities were non explored due to the focal point of this research being entirely on Asiatic adult females. However, some of the surveies included in this research included comparative informations between Asiatic adult females and adult females of other nationalities. The rhythm of force was besides explained. It is a critical factor in understanding abusers’ behaviours for the intent of supplying services to maltreaters and particularly to supply victims with an apprehension of what they are sing and why. Many sick persons of domestic force are told what is deficient in them. Over clip, they begin to believe these falsehoods. In look intoing the elaboratenesss of domestic force and how it affects the Asiatic population specifically, it was of import to supply illustrations of assorted cultures’ norms sing the positions and intervention of adult females. Although all Asiatic countries’ cultural norms and sub-cultural foibles were non described within the context of this research, some cultures’ imposts were explored. Although it is of import to obtain an thorough apprehension about assorted Asiatic civilizations it is critical to admit that several foibles exist within each state, every metropolis and even every subculture. Therefore, it was of import to research research that explained this factor of civilization. Further, it is hard to generalise that one peculiar civilization or sub-culture has a set templet of norms, hence, descriptions of cultural norms were described with attention and consideration. It should be noted that when speech production of any given civilization, it is non to be assumed that the description entirely applies to each and every individual within a peculiar civilization. Therefore, application of cultural norms should be understood with the thought that no 1 civilization is wholly homogeneous. All in all, it is of import to hold a balanced apprehension of cultural norms that do non over-generalize a civilization and yet make take into consideration that there is a bulk position about most issues. General informations on domestic force was rather accessible. Many signifiers of information exist that aids in understanding the nature of maltreatment and its effects. There is besides a wealth of information about the type of support available to victims of maltreatment and culprits. The Internet is a plentiful beginning for happening local bureaus and support groups associating to domestic force. Information was besides discovered through assorted manners of literature – books, diary articles and magazines. Ocular media can besides be accessed via Internet, videotape, DVD and telecasting scheduling that advocates for victims’ rights and disseminates other information for advocators, victims and culprits. Due to the directed nature of this piece, it was necessary to non merely hunt for general information about domestic force, but alternatively, there was a demand for stuffs about domestic force within the Asiatic population. With this demand came the undertaking of happening out every bit much as possible about the many classs of Asians that exist and to besides happen the most sum of information about each class and sub-category. This was found to be a grueling undertaking, because contrary to belief, there are several categorizations within the class known as Asiatic. Intensifying this point was the deficiency of abundant information sing domestic force in assorted Asiatic cultural contexts. Additionally, small information was found about supportive services within many Asiatic communities, most likely due to the cultural positions sing maintaining personal information within the household and besides due to the accepting positions toward maltreatment. Fortunately, much of the information found did include the many aspects of force within the Asiatic population, such as proviso of statistical informations of how many adult females of assorted civilizations reported bridal maltreatment ; perpetrators’ positions about maltreatment ; prolongation of these positions due to cultural beliefs about maltreatment ; long-run effects on abused adult females and kids ; handiness of intervention ; intervention modes ; and Torahs that now protect adult females against force. Discussion The annihilating effects of domestic force have been brought into the head of popular civilization merely within the past 20 old ages ago. Since so, and likely long earlier on a smaller graduated table, advocators have been working smartly to service domestic force victims and expose the hideous nature of its effects. This has included carry oning research with adult females, kids and culprits ; trying assorted signifiers of curative modes to turn to the after-effects ; proviso of maltreater services ; and exposure of domestic force through written and ocular media. Through these attempts, victim advocators have provided support to 1000s of adult females who otherwise would either go on to populate a life of insulating desperation or instead, lose their lives to domestic force. Unfortunately, the sum of information and support services that are available vary widely based on victims’ geographical location, mostly due to the degree of tolerance toward domestic force. Naturally, the more a society believes an act is a offense, the more intensive the work toward stoping it. However, other factors exist that inhibit farther research toward stoping force against Asiatic adult females. Many Asiatic states are dreadfully impoverished and do non hold the agencies to either behavior necessary research nor supply protection and services to adult females and their kids. Victim advocates contend with many hurdlings under these types of conditions. Support is non available to make the necessary work involved. In back uping adult females who are or have suffered domestic force, the demand for many degrees of support is needed. Womans who are presently in an opprobrious relationship are most likely stripped of many basic demands and resources. For case, abused adul t females may non hold entree to fundss, a auto or other transit, nutrient supply, proper vesture and medical attention. In order for domestic force advocators to supply for these demands, they must hold the proper fiscal backup. With fiscal resources, nutrient larders could be created, medical attention could be made available, shelters could be built and transit could be provided to of import locations such as places of supportive household, friends, and spiritual establishments. For adult females who decide to go forth opprobrious relationships, services such as transitional life could be made available. Supplying a safe life environment would be paramount for Asiatic adult females, peculiarly due to the deficiency of support received by household members, immediate household included. If a adult female were to go forth her hubby to seek out the support of immediate household, the victim would be turned away in most instances and encouraged to return to the abuser’s place. This suggestion is based on the family’s involuntariness to disgrace the household name by holding a girl who left her hubby. Further, they do non desire to pique the groom’s household by exposing their disapproval toward the maltreatment. Womans who decide to go forth their spouse besides require extra support services such as referrals for educational and vocational services. If they have kids, they may necessitate child care services so that the adult females can se ek employment to back up themselves and their kids. Education related to cultural positions about maltreatment is besides necessary. It is of import to expose social norms that accept maltreatment. For an Asiatic adult female, go forthing her partner is straight contradictory to everything she learned about accomplishment of life ends since she was a kid. From childhood, many Asiatic parents clearly define their daughters’ function in society as kids, as striplings, and finally, as grownups. The ultimate end is to get married into a distinguished, successful household that is willing to accept a meriting adult female into their lives. Bing trained in this manner for basically all of their lives, it is frequently a complicated undertaking for an abused adult female to understand why she is worthy of doing her ain picks and populating her life in the manner she chooses, which includes being free of any degree of maltreatment. As stated earlier in the Method subdivision, it was mentioned that there was non ample research in the country of domestic force in the Asian community. This is non to state that there is non plenty to back up those who would wish to cognize more about domestic force. However, there seems to be a great demand for extended research and probe into the many civilizations within the Asiatic population and the effects of domestic force in these communities. By farther understanding the nature of maltreatment in this context, service suppliers are able to more efficaciously supply the type of services needed by Asiatic adult females. Decision Domestic force research in the Asiatic population is still in its babyhood. Sing that fact that domestic force has non been intended to for so long provides a clip frame that suggests that although there is non an copiousness of work toward go toing to Asian victims, there have been some concrete attempts in its patterned advance. Diging into the elaboratenesss of domestic force within this population is no easy undertaking, and will non be traveling frontward. There are many hinderances to deriving Swift and accurate information about Asiatic women’s agony, although it is desperately needed. One of the biggest hurdlings that have been discussed within this research is Asians’ cultural positions sing secretiveness of household problems. A adult female is non merely bewraying her hubby if she discloses maltreatment, but she is besides dishonoring both her in-laws and her household of beginning by upseting the household construction and name. Although some parents would supply their support in a state of affairs such as this, most would non. Therefore, the victim knows she has nowhere to travel. Not merely is household name at interest. Intensifying this force per unit area is the fact that adult females are non extremely regarded within most Asiatic civilizations. Therefore, no 1 considers her desires and demands. Alternatively, she must make as she is commanded, which normally involves carry throughing caretaking duties for other members of the household. A adult female in Asiatic society is considered likewise as a kid. She does non hold many accomplishments that would be utile other than family duties, she must be watched, and she is non knowing about many topics. Based on this mentality, how is it possible to penetrate that she may necessitate to be attended to properly? For any societal alteration to happen towards the intervention of Asiatic adult females, it is a necessity that positions of adult females themselves besides change. In speech production of adult females who suffer from spousal maltreatment, it is critical to discourse the effects of maltreatment of others in the place that are besides sing the maltreatment. Children are peculiarly susceptible to inaccurate methods of covering with life fortunes due to inexperience. Therefore, those who are besides sing maltreatment or even witnessing it learn that force is the reply to life’s obstructions. Further, kids of abused adult females do non hold high respect for their female parents due to their observation that she is being mistreated by their male parent. Therefore, they excessively learn to go opprobrious toward their female parents, and in bend continue to reiterate the rhythm of maltreatment. In kernel, they inherit this lay waste toing method of covering with life throughout childhood and on into maturity. Childs who were one time victims and/or informants of domestic maltreatment now become the culprits, merely due to the deficiency of co gnition that options exist. Intervention is perfectly necessary to protect abused adult females. However, for long-run addition, intercession is besides indispensable. Without an mentality toward the hereafter, there will be no terminal to force, but alternatively merely binding of hurting and agony that has already occurred. There is no warrant that bar work will diminish the prevalence of domestic force in Asiatic households, peculiarly due to strong positions opposing the thought of sing adult females every bit. However, there is great possibility that given clip, positions will alter and come on will be made. It is a hard yet brave and applaudable effort to try to eliminate maltreatment from the lives of Asiatic adult females. However, as seen within this research, the world presently remains that go forthing a relationship may non look to be the most appealing option for adult females who have received life-long preparation to give their lives to servitude to their partners. Additionally, they besides know that there are few positive options to go forthing their partner. They may be destitute with no support from their households of beginning. They have no beginning of fiscal or emotional support. They may put on the line of all time seeing their kids once more. And most unfortunately, they are jeopardizing their lives by trying to go forth. Thousands of instances are reported in the United States and United Kingdom saying that adult females have lost their lives to spousal maltreatment. In these states, most people agree that this is a atrocious calamity and work toward altering the hap pening of such flagitious offenses. Alternatively, Asiatic communities have really high tolerance and so credence of domestic force to the extent that really few people openly show their disgust against it. In fact, it is encouraged and applauded. It is seen as being a well-deserved and appropriate penalty. Womans can good anticipate being burned to decease on history of their parents’ inability to pay off the groom’s household. A adult female can be openly beaten without neither household nor aliens trying to set an terminal to it. How so can it be stopped? Ending an evil such as this without a sense of societal duty is highly hard. Further, work with maltreaters is about impossible, cognizing that this method of associating to spouses has been cultivated and accepted in the heads of Asiatic work forces. Furthermore, because the Asian community believes in deciding familial issues amongst each other, many maltreaters would non be receptive to reding. Even in the instance that an maltreater agreed to seek guidance, other household members may non be supportive of this type of declaration, alternatively sing it as disloyalty and forsaking of the household. Due to the copiousness of obstructions to stoping force in the Asian community, it becomes clear that maltreatment toward adult females within the Asiatic population will certainly be maintained for now. However, it is besides hopeful to province that advancement will be made, based on the advancement that has already been achieved. Although advancement is really slow and despite the many frights that they are postulating with, it is promoting to cognize that adult females have begun talking out against maltreatment. Mentions Asiatic Task Force against Domestic Violence. Boston, MA. asiandv @ atask.org. BBC Asian Network ( 2005 ) . Asiatic adult females and domestic force. www.bbc.co.uk/asiannetwork/features/hh/awadv. Das Dasgupota A ; Warrier. ( 1996 ) . Domestic Violence in the South Asiatic Immigrant Community. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 9:3. 173-185. Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, USA. Domestic Violence Awareness Project of the National Resource Center on Domestic Violence ( 2005 ) . Domestic Violence Awareness: Action for Social Change. Pennsylvania Coalition Against Domestic Violence. Ho, C. K. ( 1990 ) . An analysis of domestic force in Asiatic American communities: A multicultural attack to guidance.Women A ; Therapy, 9( 1-2 ) , 129-150. Hofstede, G. ( 1984 ) . Culture’s effects: International differences in work related values, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Kahle, L. R. ( 1983 ) . Social values and societal alteration: Adaptation to life in America. New York: Praeger. Kirkbride, Tang, A ; Westwood. ( 1991 ) . McLaughlin, L.A. A ; Braun, K.L. ( 1998 ) . Asiatic and Pacific Islander Cultural Values: Considerations for Health Care Decision Making, 23. Health and Social Work. Mullender, A. Rethinking Domestic Violence: The Social Work and Probation Response London: Routledge. 1996. Rodriguez, M ; Quiroga, S ; and Bauer, H.M. ( 1996 ) . Interrupting the silence: Battered adult females s positions on medical attention, 5, 3. Yoshioka, M.R. Domestic Violence and Asiatic Immigrant Women. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.columbia.edu/cu/csswp/research/desriptions/Yosh.htm. Yoshioka, M.R. , A ; Shibusawa, T. ( 2004 ) . Psychosocial Measures for Asian Pacific Americans. In A. Roberts A ; K Yeager ( Eds. ) , Evidence-based pattern manual ( pp. 488-495 ) . New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Yoshioka, M.R. , DiNoia, J. , A ; Ullah, K. ( 2001 ) . Attitudes toward matrimonial force: An scrutiny of four Asiatic communities.Violence against adult females, 7 ( 8 ) , 900-926. Tjaden, P. , A ; Thoennes, N. ( 2000 ) . Extnet, nature and effects of confidant spouse force: Research Report. Washington, D.C ; National Institute of Justice and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Solution Outline Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Solution Outline - Assignment Example Unfortunately, Emergency mangers have always grappled with communication challenges occasioned by jammed telecommunication lines or/and destroyed infrastructure. On the occurrence of Hurricane Katrina, for instance, many wireless base stations were grounded and a number of communication cables were damaged (Coombs & Holladay, 2012). This resulted in a slower response, difficulty coordination, and, therefore, more damage to infrastructure and loss of life. Secondary data has been the main source of information relating to the communication challenge facing emergency management. Some of these data sources include interviews with disaster managers, and which have been recorded in print media, peer reviewed articles, newspapers, and reports submitted to relevant government bodies. The two major sources are the â€Å"The handbook of crisis communication† by Coombs & Holladay (2012) and information from GAO website (Major Management Challenges and Program Risks) retrieved from: http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-03-113 For instance, following hurricane Katrina and its devastating impacts, it became apparent that the loss was not only huge, but also extreme due to the challenges faced by emergency agencies. As expected, the government needed a report from FEMA to explain the state of emergency management as well as present their findings regarding the heavy loss that was experienced following hurricane Katrina. In the report, it was apparent that the multi-agency operation lacked proper coordination because of the communication challenge occasioned by destruction of telecommunication network. Further on, the decision by government to cut down on its budgetary allocation to emergency management and the concomitant impacts have widely been tackled in peer reviewed articles, print media, as well as online news website. Stakeholders in emergency management include local, state, and federal

The subject of social responsibility of business Essay

The subject of social responsibility of business - Essay Example Social activists argue that engagement of business in social activities of improvement is clearly moral and civic value and should be carried out without the incentive of any financial gain in mind. Efforts are being made to correlate social responsible corporate actions with financial performance. Social responsibility is approached as a continuum with five distinct levels: illegal and irresponsible companies, complaint companies, fragmented companies, Strategic and social advocacy. The Author concludes it does pay to be good but only in limited contexts. Unit of Analysis: Businesses, Ultimate Objective: To signify the correlation of social responsibility and financial performance of businesses, Source of Motivation: Socially responsible companies have been in business for long terms now. Businesses with strong cultures seem to have been better off than the businesses with weaker culture.Focus of Attention: the focus herein has been the evaluation and analysis of the Correlation between social responsibility and financial performance. Based on reading the article, the author has presented various distinct views of groups of individuals, who have in one way or the other tried to prove correlation between social responsibility and financial performance. ... stand that they do not discourage involvements of business in social welfare activities but believe that they should be carried out only if there are any financial gains in sight. Social Activists views are the fact that they perceive social responsibility is a moral value. The author defines levels of the Social responsibility continuum, used as a model. Five distinct levels have been brought into our views. Hence the author deducing the following conclusions: The companies at level 1 , not profitable at all in the long run (illegal), for level 2 (Complaint) companies compliance with legal mandates is simply a necessary condition for existence, for level 3 (Fragmented) companies act responsibly beyond complying with the law, Level 4 (Strategic) is the strongest link between the CSR and financial performance, at level 5 ( social advocacy ) is on social change rather than on profits . Furthermore at least two types of HR activities seem to be important contributors to profits. According to the author the short answer to this is that Yes it does pay to be good but under limited constraints. One other very vital issue to be noted here is that there is no evidence that companies who engage in social welfare or development without any financial gains in return face any negativity in profits. Like Wise there seems to be no evidence that suggests that businesses who do not engage in any activity other than making profits or increasing shareholders value are in any financial gains.

Behaviourist Learning Theory Directed Nursing Practice Nursing Essay

Behaviourist Learning Theory Directed Nursing Practice Nursing Essay According to professional standards of the College of Nursing of Ontario, the leadership expectation is not limited to nurses who are in formal leadership positions; all nurses, no matter of what kind the positions they are, have obligation to demonstrate leadership. Leadership requires knowledge to understand not only our own beliefs, values and behaviour affecting others, but also others beliefs, and values to build respect, trust, and integrity in a health care team. This course requires students choose a theoretical framework to guide developing a learning plan, and then applying the theory to a practice project for the purpose of expanding their perspective of nursing practice as an independent thinkers in the organizational or global level of hospital or community setting. My project report will review and analyze how behaviourist learning theory (BLT) directs my learning activities in clinical practice as an independent thinker to prepare myself in optimizing my future nursing practice. It includes two components: knowledge and application. The knowledge component will involve reviewing and comparing relevant content about the correlation between the generations of nursing workforce and choice of leadership style from five recent scholarly articles, identifying their strength and limitation, as well as guiding my nursing practice to achieve my learning goals. The application component includes how the acquired knowledge was utilized to guide my critical thinking process for figuring out the true reality of correlation in working setting between the generations of nursing workforce and choice of leadership style, as well as the challenges I have experienced. Knowledge Component BLT views learning as the product of the stimulant conditions and the response; its focus is mainly on what is directly observable. Behaviourist may closely observe responses and then manipulate the environment to triage more desired stimulus to bring the intended change (Bastable, 2008, p. 54). That is the inspiration I choose the stimulant conditions different choice of leadership style from different generation of nursing workforces in my questionnaire survey project, and the response my learning outcome from the project, as the core concept from BLT as literature research topic to acquire related knowledge and apply it to my project about the correlation between generational diversity and choice of leadership in my clinical placement setting. Literature Review / Five Relevant scholarly Articles In her article, Hahn (2009) clearly realized todays reality is that nursing workforce is made up of multigenerational staff. Nursing managers and their team members might hold different attitudes, beliefs, work ethics, and job expectations. The generation gap increases and creates more opportunities for misunderstanding and conflict. For both leaders and team members, the understanding generational differences would benefit in creating strength and opportunity or a source of stifling stress and conflict. How to deal with the challenge from the multigenerational diversity and develop a highly functioning and cohesive nursing team are current focuses for the nurse manager to be an effective leader. Although Hahn did not directly explain which leadership style would fit current workforce situation, the suggested strategies in her article for managers to effectively manage a multigenerational team indicate the transformational leadership to be the choice as an effective leader. Her argum ent was supported by previous researches done by Ulrich (2001), Zemke, Raines and Filipczak (2001). According to the research done by Cummings, MacGregor, Davey, Lee, Wong and Lo, et al (2010), some forms of leadership might be possible to lead to negative outcomes. They made their research from 10 electronic databases that include 53 published quantitative studies, then used content analysis to analyze these studies; 64 outcomes emerged from their analysis were classified into five categories: (1) work environment factors, (2) productivity and effectiveness, (3) staff relationships with work, (4) staff satisfaction with work, role and pay, and (5) staff health and wellbeing. Their research found the leadership styles that focused on people and relationships, such as transformational, resonant, supportive, and consideration, were reported in 24 studies, which were associated with higher nurse job satisfaction; whereas the leadership styles that focused on tasks, such as dissonant, instrumental and management by exception, were reported in 10 studies, which were associated with lowe r nurse job satisfaction. Therefore, they concluded that the leadership that focused on task completion alone is not sufficient to achieve optimum outcomes for the nursing workforce; transformational and relational leadership are needed to enhance nurse satisfaction, recruitment, retention, and healthy work environments, particularly in this current multigenerational workforce. Differently, Stanley (2008, 2010) argued that congruent leadership will be the one that can facilitate greater effectiveness when dealing with generational issues. Because this approach of leadership rests on the leaders values and beliefs that are demonstrated on leaders role modelling of their personal nursing / health care or organizational values; the actions of this leadership style are matched (or are congruent) with followers values and beliefs when dealing with multigenerational employees. Followers who have the same or similar values will support and follow these leaders because of their own values alignment. While realizing the difference of values and beliefs that are truly existed between the generational groups, Stanley emphasized that leaders core nursing / health care values are likely to offer significant common ground for this leadership approach to ensure it will be employed successfully. Kowalski, Bradley and Pappas research (2006) seems to be in a supportive posit ion to Stanleys argument. In her article, from the efficiency and positive outcome of management in a health care organization, Robbins and Davidhizar (2007) articulated there is a direct link between leadership style and staff retention, satisfaction and patient satisfaction. Currently, the changing faces in health care workforces pushes the management of nursing on the edge of the change in management strategy using effective and appropriate leadership to prompt greater success in gaining and maintaining staff satisfaction, staff retention, and then, in long run, improving patient satisfaction. Staff retention and satisfaction are the driving forces for achieving the patient satisfaction. Comparing with transactional leadership in leadership strategy, mission and vision, communication, relationship-building, they argued that transformational leadership is more effective in gaining and maintaining staff satisfaction, retention, and patient satisfaction in health care organizations. Poor leadership on a nursi ng unit leads to unhappy, unmotivated, and less dedicated staff. The underlying fundamental is that a transformational leader has the ability to effectively communicate the vision, mission, and empower nursing staff, which in turn build and promotes a healthy working environment for the entire team. Generally, Arsenault (2004) realized that todays workforce is more diverse than ever. There are many diverse issues. One of them is generational differences, which is created by a shared collective field of emotions, attitudes, preferences, and dispositions. Relatively, the differences in the unique attitudes, values, and beliefs of each generation determines how each generation views leadership, and ranks admired leadership characteristics, which correlates to their choice in leadership style and favourite leaders. He concluded that generational differences are a legitimate diversity issue that must be recognized and understood by organizations and needs to be addressed in developing current and future leaders. The leaders of organizations need to recognize and understand that a unique persona, which is developed from generational difference and already translated into a mind-set that demonstrated in different emotions, attitudes, beliefs, values, preferences, and embodied activitie s in working setting. Accordingly, this mind-set creates differences in leadership style how a person of a generation will lead or how they prefer to be led. In summary, five researches reached the common port, that is, the generational diversity is a current issue in workforce that organization and leaders must recognize and understand in designing effective and productive leadership strategy and style in creating a healthy working environment. However, for what is the correlation between generations and choice of leadership style, Stanley (2008, 2010)s articles reached his unique port; it argued the congruent leadership will be the one that can facilitate greater effectiveness when dealing with generational issues. The research done Cummings, MacGregor, Davey, Lee, Wong and Lo, et al (2010) clearly reached the conclusion that transformational and relational leadership styles will enhance nurse satisfaction, recruitment, retention, and healthy work environments in todays multigenerational workforce; because their research was based on extensive search of related database, so their conclusion derived from the evidence-based literature rev iew is highly credential and statistically significant. Also, Hahn (2009) and Robbins and Davidhizar (2007) generally articulated the nursing leaders should take transformational leadership as the core concept of their management, but their articles do not show strong evidence to support their argument. Arsenaults article emphasized the generational diversity of workforces and its impact on leadership, but he actually did not figure out which leadership could be the effective in current working environment. Summary of Behaviourist Learning Theory (BLT) According to Bastables book (2008, p.54-55), whether dealing with animals or people, BLT views the learning process as a relatively simple chain or cycle; the focus of BLT is mainly on the phenomenon that is directly observable stimulus conditions and the associations formed in the learning process; the learning process is understood as the product of the stimulus from the environment and the responses. In order to enhance the learning process leading to the desired result, behaviourists or learners can closely observe and manipulate the environment by utilizing operant conditioning techniques of positive or negative reinforcement (Skinner, 1974, 1989) to increase or decrease the stimulus, thus, to reinforce or decrease the responses to bring about the intended change. Plan of Implementation Based on my learning goal (see appendix A), I applied the acquired knowledge of BLT to my learning process through a survey project about the generational difference in the perceptive response in their admiring leadership style based on their different emotions, attitudes, beliefs, values, working ethics, preferences, and embodied activities in working setting. Each answer to the survey questionnaire is one of the stimuli for my learning process. What I learned form the project is the response of the learning process. I designed a survey questionnaire (see appendix B) about the correlation between generational difference and choice of leadership styles, randomly distributed to 55 staff in two medicine units of two hospitals, and 53 responses has been collected; the statistically valid representative sampling size is 96.36%. Statistical analysis on the response has been done (Table 1). Poster presentation (Appendix C) has been presented in my clinical placement unit for feedback. Application Component The Rationale of Choosing Behaviourist Learning Theory (BLT) BLT suggests the learning process is the product of the stimulus from the environment and the responses to the stimulus; it views the learning process as a reoccurring chain or cycle between stimulus and response through operant conditioning techniques of positively or negatively enhancing stimulus. Learning will occur while the stimulus is positively or negatively enhanced. Such a theoretic framework can be applied to health teaching process (Bastable, 2008, p. 54-60). The designation for students project from the course outline is about the learning from the project about a nursing issue in a global or organizational level of a hospital or community setting. Based on the acquired knowledge from BLT, my intention of my project design is to view the responses from the survey as stimulus for my learning about the choice on leadership style in a health care team staff would be either as a leader or a team member. Each response is one of the stimuli for my learning. More choice selecti vely occurred on one particular leadership style will become an enhanced stimulus for my learning that will give me the idea of which leadership is most admired in current health care team. In my future career, I would work as either a team member or a team leader; I have to prepare my self to be knowledgeable for these two roles. I am trying to apply BLT to my self teaching and self learning process. Actually, teaching and learning are the two phases of one process. Summary of the Process Involved in Applying BLT From the literature review, the generational difference in the perceptive response in their admiring leadership style based on their different emotions, attitudes, beliefs, values, working ethics, preferences, and embodied activities in working setting was found (Stanley, 2008, 2010; Arsenault, 2004; Weston, 2006; Kramer, 2010; Swearingen Liberman, 2004; Robbins and Davidhizar, 2007; Hahn, 2009; Cummings, MacGregor, Davey, Lee, Wong and Lo, et al, 2010). Based on this finding, my project designed a survey questionnaire to ask two questions: (1) what is your generation? (2) transactional or transformational leader: which one you would like to be or prefer? The answers to these two questions will give me two kinds of information: what is the content of current workforces and what kind of leadership style is admired more in the working setting. The answer for each respondent could be viewed as one of the stimuli for my response my learning result for my future choice of leadership in future career. 55 copies of questioner were randomly distributed to health care team of two medicine units of two hospitals, including nurses, social workers, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, manager, nursing educators, and unit supervisors / coordinators, clinical instructor, and nursing students. 53 copies of responses have been collected. Data has been coded and statistically analysed. The percentage of each generation in the health care teams, and the percentage of selecting transactional or transformational leader from each generation, and from the total sampling were calculated. The finding demonstrates the transformational leadership style is admired most in current working setting. This finding has been supported from the literature review of this report above. Discussion of how Gained Knowledge was Integrated into Learning Process The major components of stimulus and response of BLT were used in my learning process. Before my project survey, I had qualitative idea about the generational difference in beliefs, values, employment expectation, working ethics and orientation, but no quantitative idea about such difference, and no idea about how much their difference was in choosing working sett leadership style. Through the survey, I get the idea about how much each generation constitutes the content of health care workforce in these two units: Veterans are retired, Baby Boomers is 19%, Generation X is 53%, and Generation Y is 28%; the generation X and Y already constitutes 81% of the workforces. Among 10 answers from Baby Boomers, 2 answers chose transactional leader (20% of the generation), 8 answers chose transformational leader (80% of the generation); among 28 answers from Generation X, 4 answers chose transactional leader (14.3% of the generation), 24 answers chose transformational leader (85.7% of the gener ation); among 15 answers from Generation Y, 1 answer chose transactional leader (6.7% of the generation), 14 answers chose transformational leader (93.3% of the generation). Among the total samplings, 86.8% of answers chose transformational leader, only 13.2% of answer chose transactional leader. The finding also shows a trend of the major choices from each generation on the leadership style: from Baby Boomers to Generation Y, the percentage of the responses decreases in choosing transactional leader, and percentage increases in choosing transformational leader. It clearly demonstrates the significant difference between generations in admiring leadership style based on their different emotions, attitudes, beliefs, preferences, and embodied activities in working setting. The information analysed and concluded from the survey is the wanted stimulus for my learning it gives me the idea which leadership style could be effective and productive in a health care working environment. The m ultiple kinds of information obtained from the survey like the enhanced stimulus positively manipulated by behaviourist to strengthen my response in advocating transformational leadership as the style I will choose to be my favourite one in working environment. Challenge Encountered and Related Management Because my project about learning process involves the questioner survey, the challenge comes from the design and implementation of the survey process. The first challenge is the survey of this project is not a formal and academic survey. It is an anonymous mock survey. It does not involve in any interesting conflict and retain any private information about responders name, exact age, and gender, etc. Its purpose is limited to get the true information about the leadership style choice from different generation in the real working setting for my personal clinical learning process. So, it was not submitted to university ethics committee to seek pre-approval. The management strategy is anonymous survey and keeping the survey result within the learning process of this course. The second challenge is the design of the questioner survey. As a student project, there is no funding for rewarding the participants. Staff are busying with daily assignment and dont have spare time and compassion to answer too complicated questioner. The management strategy is to simplify the questionnaire design as much as possible, but it is still remained in detail enough to collect enough information to meet my learning goal. The third challenge is the limitation of sampling size. As a student project, it is impossible to have adequate time and financial resource to take survey in multiple units of multiple health care facilities. The management strategy is to utilize the chance of my working unit at another hospital and clinical placement unit at St. Michaels hospital to take my survey so that the sampling process will be more statistically valid and the finding will be more statistically representative from the limited sampling size. Outcome of the Project and Evaluation The outcome of the project is the finding of my survey truly demonstrates the generational difference in choosing leadership style in real working environment, which is supported from the literature review. The outcome of the project also reached my learning goal of this project: it uncovers the reality of generational difference in choosing leadership style and future trend in real working environment; and the finding is strong enough as enhanced stimulus to my response in my learning process based on BLT. Evaluation Criteria of Self-Evaluation of Learning Plan and Planning Change In my learning plan, the criterion of self-evaluation for knowledge component was set up as: able to select a specific theoretical model of leadership style based on current nursing environment. To better reflecting the learning experience from the project, I will modify it as: able to select related scholarly publication and a particular theoretical framework of leadership style based on current nursing working environment for literature review to acquire knowledge in guiding my learning process and practice project. For application component, the criterion of self-evaluation was set up as: able to develop questionnaires of assessing staff nurses values, beliefs and expectation on their choice of leadership style. To better reflecting the learning experience from the project, I will modify it as: (1) able to develop questionnaires of assessing staff nurses values, beliefs and expectation on their choice of leadership style; and (2) able to analyze the survey result and figure out the significant finding. Personal Growth and Development Before this clinical placement, I did have general idea about the generational difference in emotions, attitudes, beliefs, values, preferences, and embodied activities in working setting. However, I did not have clear idea about the generational difference in choosing leadership style in real working environment. Through applying BLT to assess staffs values, beliefs, expectation, attitude about the employment and work-life quality, and expectation of each generation on their choice of leadership style within the multiple generational cohorts, I found (1) current health care workforces is a three generation cohort, not a four generation cohort that was articulated in most of previous literatures, because Veteran generation is retired already; (2) from Baby Boomers to generation X and Y, the percentage of staff who choose transactional leadership style is linearly decreasing, the percentage of staff who choose transformational leadership style is linearly increasing; (3) presently, gen eration X is the majority in health care workforce, and generation Y is in the second place; in these two generations, the percentage of staff who chose transformational leadership style is 86% and 93%, which releases a clear information that transformational leadership style will work better for them. Totally, the outcome of the project tells me that in my future career, either as a team member or a team leader, transformational leadership was the style I should choose to work comparatively in a team or lead a team effectively. Conclusion According to the learning objective and teaching strategy of this course, a learning plan and practice project plan were developed based on the chosen theoretic framework. The project of survey was implemented in two medicine units of two hospitals. The survey result was statistically analysed and poster presentation was presented in the clinical placement unit. This report summarizes the acquired knowledge through the reviewing of five scholarly articles and the chosen theoretic framework, discussed the rationale on theoretic framework choosing, and the major concepts of BLT stimulus and response, which have been applied in my learning process. Also, the outcome of the project, experienced challenges, possible personal growth and development obtained from the project are discussed.