Organ Donation Myths Essay - 1857 Words

Organ donation myths have been around for a long time. These types of myths have stopped people from being organ donors as well as stopping families from letting there loved one receive a needed organ transplant. These myths are one of the main reasons for the organ shortage in the United States today. While some people decide to save another humans life some do not because of these myths surrounding organ donation. One person has the opportunity to save up to fifty lives just by deciding to be an organ donor and doing so would help with the organ shortage in the United States. One myth that stops somebody from being an organ donor is the belief that the family will be charged extra too allow their loved one to be an organ donor (Steve†¦show more content†¦The procedure that most hospitals use to determine to use people as organ donors is from someone that is declared brain dead (DAlessandro). Most hospitals do not actually use organs from people that have died from sudden cardiac death because the organs are not a vital as from a patient that has been declared brain dead ( (DAlessandro). A patient is considered brain dead when their brain function has quit working permanently and the term brain dead is the legal term that is used for someone that is dead (Congressman Jim McDermott). Families are educated when being told that their loved one is brain dead and that the machines the hear and see are they only thing that is working, that it is not actually their loved one breathing that they hear and see (Nancy Valko).The mention of organ donation usu ally does not even occur until it has been determined by the medical team that the patient is brain dead and the discussion with the family to end life support has been done with the family by the physician ( (DAlessandro). A third myth is that some people that are organ donors will not be able to view their family and friends in an open casket funeral (Steve Rudich). People that believe this want to be able too see their loved one at the funeral and be able to mourn and give a proper good-bye but fear of their loved one being mutilated and notShow MoreRelatedSpeech: Organ Donation Essay1323 Words   |  6 PagesSpeech: Organ Donation INTRODUCTION /ATTENTION STEP A. 1. Imagine that a loved one has just been severely injured in a car accident. 2. The injuries include brain trauma, broken bones, but most notably, a loss of two pints of blood, that your friend is in desperate need of. 3. Coincidentally your blood type matches. 4. Picture yourselfRead MorePersuasive Essay On Organ Donation1263 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Every 10 minutes, someone is added to the waiting list for an organ transplant and an average of 22 people die every day while waiting (â€Å"FACT SHEET: Obama Administration Announces Key Actions to Reduce the Organ Waiting List†).† Potential donors are often interested in donating a kidney, but are hesitant because their loved ones could need one in the future. Altruists are people who do not see any less value in a stranger’s life than in the lives of their loved ones. A stranger or acquaintanceRead MoreOrgan Donation : An Organ Donor1068 Words   |  5 Pagesshould become organ donors. Choosing to become an organ donor provides the opportunity to save up to eight lives and improve the quality of life for many others with tissue donation. An organ donor can also provide comfort to the grieving family: the loss of the loved one will be helping others to live. Becoming an organ donor is much easier than many think. The decision can literally be done in just minutes. Web MD states, an organ transplant is the surgical removal of a healthy organ from one personRead MoreOrgan Donations : A Problem For The Transplantation Industry Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pages Organ donations stimulate positivity for the terminally ill despite all the challenges that has arisen from prior casual events. Through the correlation of persevering the gift of life to extend one’s life duration period, the organ shortage supply chain may not contribute much less withstands for unethical practice. The transplantation industry process may encounter various undergoes for the supply of organs before having a divine outcome. Organ shortages have become a problem for the transplantationRead MoreSpeech on Becoming an Organ Donor Essay2508 Words   |  11 PagesPreparation Outline Organ Donation: by Samantha Hess GENERAL PURPOSE: To persuade the audience to become organ donors. SPECIFIC PURPOSE: To persuade my audience to become organ donors by informing them of what it is, how it works, the myths of organ donations, how to become an organ donor, and the benefits of being one. THESIS: The need is constantly growing for organ donors and it is very simple to become one. Transplantation gives hope to thousands of people with organ failure and providesRead MoreOrgan Donation1090 Words   |  5 PagesTopic: Why organ donation should be mandatory Audience: College Students General Purpose: To persuade Specific Purpose: To persuade people to want to become an organ donor and the benefits of being one Proposition: You should become an organ donor Organizational Pattern: Statement of logical reasoning Introduction: Attention Getter: Organ donation is an amazing thing, saving many lives every year. Roughly 152,000 people die every day and 55 Million die each year yet, there is 116,000 peopleRead MoreEssay The Growing Need for Organ Donors1628 Words   |  7 Pagesbrotherly love, a love that can find expression in the decision to become an organ donor.† Pope John Paul II stated in the Address to International Congress on Transplants. In a culture of death and self-centeredness it is important to prompt the youth to consider becoming an organ donor. The number of people in need of a transplant is growing quickly, and already is at a large rate. Eighteen people will die each day waiting for an organ transplant; more must be done to help these people, yet it must be withinRead MoreThis Paper Provides Information Of Why Organ Donation Is1838 Words   |  8 PagesThis paper provides information of why organ donation is so important, and it gives some awareness of different studies related to the subject. While for some people organ donation is not an easy decision because of lack of understanding on the subject, for others is a decision that is highly rewarding. Additional examples and statistics are provided of people who believe that organ transplants not only saves lives but it also provides the recipients with the possibility of a better quality of lifeRead MoreThe Commercialization Of Organ Transplantation1660 Words   |  7 Pagesto save the world, [he] would spend fifty-five minutes defining the problem, and only five minutes finding the solution† (Einstein). In the case of the commercialization of organ transplantation, would the ramifications laid by Einstein change if a doctor had only one hour to save the life of a patient in dire need of an organ transplant? An individual that had spent the last three years on a waiting-list? Waiting, years, months, and days without end for a second chance at life. Similar to EinsteinRead MoreBecome an Organ Donor Essay1434 Words   |  6 PagesBecome an Organ Donation Organ donation is a sacrifice that can touch many people through one person’s unselfish gift. Granted that gift most often comes after a tragic loss of a loved one. As the bearer of three functioning kidneys, I have always considered organ donation to be the expected norm. But today, the focus will be to enlighten you on the reasons to consider organ donation. Organ donations are needed for every age group, race, and ethnic groups. Each person should take the opportunity

Music and Society - 1040 Words

Music and Society have always been intimately related. Throughout the years, music has had the power to influence the behavior of individuals and societies. Music has been thought of as a very powerful medium within social groups because it can facilitate communication beyond strictly words. Music has multiple meanings which can promote the development of individual, cultural and national identities. Today, music has been criticized for corrupting youth. For example, Rap music has been blamed for crimes and murders that take place within cities throughout America. Rap music however serves a more meaningful purpose within societal development and culture. The defiant images of Rap music and Hip-Hop serve as an inspirational outlet of†¦show more content†¦Tupac begins his song with the verse, â€Å"I see no changes, I wake up in the morning and I ask myself, Is life worth living or should I blast myself, I’m tired of being poor, and even worse I’m black†. He also explains racism well with his stanza â€Å"Cops give a damn about a negro, Pull the trigger, kill a nigga, he s a hero, give the crack to the kids who the hell cares, one less hungry mouth on the welfare†. Another stanza which demonstrates racism toward African Americans is, â€Å"I see no changes, all I see is racist faces, misplaced hate makes disgrace to races†. Tupac also raps about how the penitentiaries are filled with blacks . He also explains how illegal activities are necessary in order for poor people to survive. He says â€Å"I aint never did a crime, I aint have to do†. Tupac s â€Å"Changes† is very moving. Instead of mindless music which distracts individuals from their lives of poverty and from rebelling, this song presents the graphic imagery of life of poor people and their struggles to survive. The entire purpose of this song is to make a change and rebel against current social and economic structures, and move toward equality. Tupac explains the daily struggles of poverty and violence that people in the ghetto go through, and how it has become normal to them. He explains this with the chorus, â€Å"that s just the way it is, things will never be the same†. It explains how the poor do not deserve to be poor, and try to overcome poverty, however their skinShow MoreRelatedSociety with Music2717 Words   |  11 PagesSociety with Music Kyle Klemz SOCS 185 DeVry 8/16/2012 Dr. Dominguez What does music mean to you? Do you think it’s changed from the different styles of music and the way that music sounds from when it started? Music can play a big part and role on society. There are many different types of music and music festivals in today’s society. Music has changed a lot within the past few decades. Music festivals have pretty much stayed the same. People can be judged on the type of music thatRead MoreMusic And Its Impact On Society1340 Words   |  6 PagesThere are two pillars of society that have and always will be prevalent in civilizations. The first pillar being competition of power; society will always have individuals in charge of the decisions regarding the administration of their civilization. Secondly, being the self-expression of the human condition through music. Both concepts widely disparate, although both vital to the constitution of one’s identity and development of their life choices. A person’s life will alw ays be altered due to interactionsRead MoreMusic And Its Impact On Society958 Words   |  4 PagesMusic in Our Culture Although some may suggest music can only serve for entertainment, music imposes a direct impact on the ideals and actions of today’s culture. In the past, the music of a culture greatly impacts the people and speaks what the people felt afraid to express. Different types of music reach different areas of the human brain, thus affecting the way people act in various ways. Music possesses such a deep impact on human brains it affects the way we act and process different situationsRead MoreIs Music Beneficial Society?1081 Words   |  5 PagesIs music really beneficial to society? Do its pros outweigh its cons? The famous Greek philosopher, Protagoras, once said, â€Å"There are two sides to every question, one opposed to the other.† This quote implies that although there can be many perspectives of a situation; no person’s belief is incorrect. It simply opposes other’s beliefs. Similarly, even though music is said to have many positive effects, like being t herapeutic, it also negatively influences many social, political, and economic issuesRead MoreMusic And Its Impact On Society908 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Music has been apart of society for a long time. It has benefited a lot of people in different ways. It is very exciting and interesting. Music creates new vibes, fashion trends, and can give great advice. Music is very motivational and inspirational. It may express emotions and new ideas for many people and is also meant to entertain and stimulate the mind. Music goes back to prehistoric times. Prehistoric music was also known as folk music. The origin of music is unknown. Some suggestRead MoreMusic And Its Impact On Society2251 Words   |  10 PagesIt seems that music has been in existence since humans have been on this earth. You can find music in all forms and styles. The types of music and preferences that people may have, can change depending on what city, state or even country you live in. The United States was founded on basic constitutional human rights. One of these rights is freedom of speech. Those who are talented musicians have used freedom of speech to be able to put into words, sound and feelings of the social injustices thatRead MoreThe Music And Its Influence On Society1819 Words   |  8 Pagesagainst the spirit of the music. The music itself inspires everything that rave culture is. EDM focuses on the use of rhythm, an upbeat sound, and bass to enable the listener to â€Å"feel† the music and have their body move to the beat. Slowly the music builds up and then it drops, leaving the crowd reacting wildly to the change in beat and pace. Many people view EDM as just being sound .The â€Å"club culture† or â€Å"subculture† of rave culture may influence how people act in society and the values they carryRead MoreMusic And Its Influence On Society3041 Words   |  13 Pagesundoubtedly become a decisive aspect of our culture; embedded in the way we learn and grow on a daily basis. Art forms such as music, television and dance dominate our society as an outlet of freedom of speech for humanity. The evolution of music has rapidly exceeded its original classifications, developing new genres with greater appeal to an audience, hence its influence on society has expedited. In recent times, lyrics (specifically rap lyrics) have been introduced into the court room as a form of documentedRead MoreMusic And Its Impact On Society2747 Words   |  11 PagesThroughout the history of man kind, music has existed in an irremovable capacity in our existence. It has pervaded through every culture, every country and even through the deepest reaches of the dark void of space. Music has also existed in every religion known to the human race. But can music itself be considered a religion in its own right? Music is celebrated and revered by almost all who listen to it, and the health benefits associated with music are growing with every bit of research performedRead MoreMusic And Its Influence On Society1752 Words   |  8 Pages Music has always been an influence in the evolution of world civilizations and is still an important form of art and entertainment that humans find great pleasure in listening to today. There are multitudinous types and genres of music from all over the world, varying from classical, jazz, hip-hop, reggae, country, rock, and even rap. Despite these numerous amounts of genres, music can be found from all over the world residing in different parts of the world, and essentially, in different cultures

Determinants of Health

Question: Discuss about theDeterminants of Health. Answer: Introduction According to World Health organisation, the social and environmental indicators affect child health. The family and community of the child shape the social determinants (Viner et al., 2012). The children, who grow up in the lap of environment are healthier as compared to the children brought up in the artificial environment. Health of child can be understood from her activity (Ditekemena et al., 2012). If a child is physically healthy as she has natural tendency to learn through non-verbal communication, remains focused while doing something it means she can capture the cognitive skill very easily. It indicates that the child is mentally fit. As mentioned by Marmot et al. (2012), health is determined by socio economic condition, education, gender equality in a country. Poverty and low socio economic status aggravates the risk of poor health. Poor child suffers from lack of proper nutrition, sanitation, water and community support. Therefore, they are more exposed to the health risk compared to the child with having required social benefits. Education is an important determinant of health. World heal organisation mentioned that women education is essential for the benefit of the health of children. The cognitive skill of child is improved if her mother has basic skill and knowledge about health care. Attainment of education at the early life improves health consciousness and spread awareness about restricting diseases (Palipudi et al., 2012). In the developing countries, study in the primary level is given priority. Hence, health government needs to take initiative to include health education at the primary level. Gender equality is important determinant of health in the society. Children are mostly dependent upon their mother. Gender inequality reduces the opportunity of women to access health service properly. There is a negative relationship between the health outcome and gender inequality. As gender inequality in a society increases, health condition of female counter part become vulnerable. Life expectancy, infant mortality, maternal mortality is the indicators of health (Gore Kothari, 2012). National wealth and income inequality affect the health of individual. Increase in national wealth improves in the health outcome of children and adult people. Adolescents of less developed countries are more vulnerable compared to the developed countries. Several studies have revealed that the rate of teenage pregnancy increases due to lack of health and social awareness. Droomers et al. (2014) cited that income inequality has direct effect on health whereas poverty has indirect impact on health. As mentioned by countries GDP, political and economic system is responsible for the income and gender inequality. People spend more on the food product during low income. As the income increases, standard of living of people increases. People then spend money for education. Education improves the social knowledge, which further improves health consciousness among the families. Apart from society, family has great influence on the health of children. The According to World Health Organisation, early childhood development improves the global health. Health education plays an important role in transition from childhood to adolescent and young age. Children get primary education from the family members and surrounding environment. Viner et al. (2012) mentioned that the parents, who are highly knowledgeable about their childs activity at the adolescence age, could reduce the risk of teenage pregnancy, sexual risk behaviour, violence etc. Family influences both physical and mental health (Ditekemena et al., 2012). Family attitude affects the behaviour of smoking, alcohol intake. Regular diet influences the heath of individual. Proper diet in regular complex lifestyle, intake of fresh water determines the health condition. Marmot et al. (2012) mentioned that rural people have less opportunity to access the health services compared to the urban people. The determinants of rural health care are income level, education level, ethnicity and primary health literacy. Environment health affects the individual health. Water quality, air quality, sanitary systems are important determinant of health. Palipudi et al. (2012) argued that as food is grown mostly in rural areas, rural people could get fresh food in comparison to the urban people. Therefore, chances of diseases such as diabetics, heart diseases increases. On the other hand, rising air pollution in the populated city due to increasing number of cars, energy consumption, and depletion of ozone layer negatively affect the health. Lack of proper health infrastructure is a major cause of lack of health awareness in the rural areas. However, globalisation and urbanisation have made the urban health vulnerable due to concentration of dwellings in suburban ar eas. References Ditekemena, J., Koole, O., Engmann, C., Matendo, R., Tshefu, A., Ryder, R., Colebunders, R. (2012). Determinants of male involvement in maternal and child health services in sub-Saharan Africa: a review.Reproductive health,9(1), 1. Droomers, M., Harting, J., Jongeneel-Grimen, B., Rutten, L., van Kats, J., Stronks, K. (2014). Area-based interventions to ameliorate deprived Dutch neighborhoods in practice: Does the Dutch District Approach address the social determinants of health to such an extent that future health impacts may be expected?.Preventive medicine,61, 122-127. Gore, D., Kothari, A. (2012). Social determinants of health in Canada: Are healthy living initiatives there yet? A policy analysis.International journal for equity in health,11(1), 1. Marmot, M., Allen, J., Bell, R., Bloomer, E., Goldblatt, P. (2012). WHO European review of social determinants of health and the health divide.The Lancet,380(9846), 1011-1029. Palipudi, K. M., Gupta, P. C., Sinha, D. N., Andes, L. J., Asma, S., McAfee, T., GATS Collaborative Group. (2012). Social determinants of health and tobacco use in thirteen low and middle income countries: evidence from Global Adult Tobacco Survey.PloS one,7(3), e33466. Viner, R. M., Ozer, E. M., Denny, S., Marmot, M., Resnick, M., Fatusi, A., Currie, C. (2012). Adolescence and the social determinants of health.The Lancet,379(9826), 1641-1652.

Teaching and Learning in Further and Adult Education

Theme of the chapter. The theme of the chapter is experiential learning (Merriam, Caffarella, Baumgartner, 2006). This involves the integration of practice and theory and the relevance of academic learning among the adult. This touches on the unrecognized feelings and learning experiences, social isolation, self-defeating thoughts, self-doubts and unfulfilled hopes as regards learning and adult education.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Teaching and Learning in Further and Adult Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Models of experiential learning. Experimental learning refers to the process of making and deriving meaning from experiences. It involves learning from experience. The model of experimental learning developed by David Kolb, also called the experimental learning cycle, is as follows (Walklin, 2006); Concrete Experience. Observation and reflection. Forming abstract concepts. Experimentat ion. Concrete Experience – in this phase, learning starts when an individual carries out a certain action and then sits back to see the effect of the action on the particular situation. Observation and reflection – the learner moves to the next step where he understands the effect of his actions. The intention of this second step is to help the learner predict the effect of his action if the same action took place under similar circumstances. This step leads us to the third step. Forming abstract concepts – the learner understands the principle under which the particular situation falls. The learner understands the model of the observation. Experimentation – the learner plans how to test a plan or model of an upcoming experience (Walklin, 2006). How educators’ roles and purposes affect experiential learning. The role and purposes of educators in experimental learning include the following; consultant, helper, instructor, facilitator, teacher, m entor and change agent. They affect experimental learning through working and promoting socially responsible and relevant ways that promote societal change by the promotion of participatory learning process of adult citizens. The teachers present a safe and friendly learning environment. They facilitate the adult education by engaging them in experiences that are fundamentally reflective due to their relevance to learner’s lives (Merriam, Caffarella, Baumgartner, 2006). Educators have authority over learners; therefore, they reinforce overriding paradigms where lessons are taught from educators instead of the learners discovering through the process of critical reflection and meaningful experience. They also provide students with feedback and this helps them understand where they went wrong, what they need to improve, and what they have learned. The educators help them by asking questions that encourage learners to answer and take ownership of their answer (Walklin, 2006). T he correlation between experiential learning and andragogy and/or heutagogy Androgogy influences the ways in which learners are treated in a program while experimental learning influences the development of learning activities and training plans. Comparison between adult learning-based models and theories versus the traditional methods (Walklin, 2006).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Experiential learning Andragogy and/or heutagogy Concrete experience: describes the experience one had – what one did and actions taken. Self-concept: a person’s self-concepts move from being independent to being a self-driven human being. Reflective observation – it answers the question of what one noticed and observed about the experience. Experience: a person accumulates experience as he matures and increases resource learning. Abstract concepts: it asks the quest ions such as, what theories, rules, and concepts apply to a certain situation. Readiness to learn: a person’s readiness to learn is increasingly oriented to developmental tasks of his social life Active experimentation: the question asked include; what happened due to a learners experience, learning, and reflection. Orientation to learning: when a person matures, the time perspective changes from a postponed application of knowledge to immediate application and orientation to learning from subject centeredness to problem centeredness. References Merriam, S. B., Caffarella, R. S., Baumgartner, L. M. (2006). Learning in adulthood: A comprehensive guide (3rd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Walklin, L. (2006). Teaching and Learning in Further and Adult Education. Boston: Nelson Thornes. This research paper on Teaching and Learning in Further and Adult Education was written and submitted by user Desiree Holder to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Entrepreneurial Process

Entrepreneurial Process Introduction The first thing to do before one sets out to start a business is identification of an opportunity. He then strategize on the way forward; the success of the business is dependent on how well he is going to capture customers to buy from him, which on the other side is dependent on the quality of initial entrepreneurial decision. Different places require different set ups for their success (Avery, 2004). This paper analyzes the process that an entrepreneur undergoes before setting up a business.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Entrepreneurial Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Decision Making Every situation or opportunity has its own unique potential that an entrepreneur must capture if he is to be successful. This will be in consideration of business risk; business risk is the uncertainty on to whether the kind of business that the one has engaged in will be of success. This is in both n ew and existing business when they want to extend their business to other areas of a start up business. Businesses are driven by market of goods produced; thus an entrepreneur must ensure that there is potential in the chosen location. When investing in some kind of a business there is the initial and subsequent running expenses. In a business environment the proceeds from the business should cover all this and there remain a portion that is the profit of the investor (Livingston, 2008). Competition is a good element in the business arena since it ensures that quality goods and services are provided; it is the one that keeps the businessmen on their toes to ensure that they earn customer loyalty. This calls for continuous improvements of its products and services. Two things must be considered then, whether the entrepreneur will be able to enter the market and whether he is capable to improve his products always. However, there are areas that competition is so high that any entrant will risk so highly and possibility of entering the market effectively becomes a problem, all these are factors that should be considered before making the go-ahead decision (Duening, Hisrich, Lechter, 2009). Entrepreneurial Strategy The success of an organization is dependent on the quality of decision made by its manager. One of the major attributes that make a good manager stand out is his or her decisiveness. The quality of decisions made by a manager is reflected in the performance of his or her organization. Other than the control by decision of the management, Customers influence almost all parts of a business. The available target customer’s needs should be well understood so as when deciding the kind of business to engage in, one is aware of the available customer segment. By segment we mean the class, social status, age, and income level. One must align himself to the interest of the customer and by so doing there will be continued business.Advertising Look ing for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When a business is established, the success will be dependent on the quality of the good/services that it will offer to the market. They must be those that satisfy the needs of the customer. As the business, he should listen to what other people have to say about the entire process. There are decisions that cannot be delegated and others can, there is need to separate them (Ebbena, Johnson, 2006). Resource Acquisition Capital is required for the set up of the business and the general running of the business; before one sets to start up a business there is the need to know the probable sources of capital. This may be from ones saving or a loan facility. Whichever the sources there is the need of understanding its source and ensure that it is dependable in all times. If the capital sources are not dependable chances that the business will go unde r are high. There are day to day and short term financial obligations that should be met by a business and the money must be available for its running. These include overdrafts and creditors have to be paid. These calls for a constant amount of money to be available in the business this is what is referred to as liquidity. To cover this, business employ various ways to ensure that this is done, an example of the ways that they employ is buying of short term securities. This may be in the form of shares in the stock exchange that is expected to be sold at a gain and the finances gotten can be used to meet the financial obligation. Another way that some businesses use to meet the financial obligation is by investing back the profits that they get into the same business and the cash flows that bear as a result are used to meet the obligations. Exit Strategy It is not always the case that a business set up will be successful, there are times that it may fail; when starting a business th is should be taken into consideration. Business dynamics cannot be predicted with a 100% certainty. If the trend fails to favor a business, then the business is more likely not to meet its obligation. It may be a failure in the market, change of fashion, calamities or negative goodwill created; they may hinder continuity of a business (Shane, 2003). To cater for this eventuality, there is need to have an exit plan. Mitigating any loss that is likely to result from loss of business is one of the common ways to have an exit strategy that will not hurt the entrepreneur. Conclusion Starting up a new business is taking a risk; however if the decision is well thought there are numerous benefits that come up with investing in business. Before one set to start there are short and long terms parameters that he should consider to ensure that there will be continuity in the business.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Entrepreneurial Process specifically for y ou for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The future is unpredictable and so even the smallest details about something should be interpolated before starting up. From the above study; it has come clear to me that entrepreneurship is all about how well one can understand the future and plan on it. It involves a process of analyzing risks associated in a certain area and working in full recognition of their presence. All mitigation factors should be put in place before the business is started. Reference List Avery, G. C. (2004). Understanding leadership: Paradigms and cases. London: SAGE Publications. Duening, N., Hisrich, D., Lechter, A. (2009). Technology Entrepreneurship. New York: Academic Press Ebbena, J.; Johnson, A. (2006), Bootstrapping in small firms: An empirical analysis of change over time, Journal of Business Venturing, Volume 21, Issue 6, November 2006, Pages 851-865 Livingston, J. (2008). Founders at work: stories of startups early days. Berkeley, CA; New York: Apress. Shane, S. (2003). A General Theory of Entrepreneurship: the Individual-Opportunity Nexus. New York: Edward Elgar

Education System in Nigeria and Kenya Compared Essays

Education System in Nigeria and Kenya Compared Essays Education System in Nigeria and Kenya Compared Essay Education System in Nigeria and Kenya Compared Essay Essay Topic: Education TASK Write a well documented paper on the education system with specific reference to: brief background, aims/goals of education,thestructureoftheeducation system, administration, financing,teachingprofession,challengesand lessons Kenya would learn or borrow. Choose one of these countries Nigeria, Australia, Canada, or China. Background of Nigeria Education Nigeria education has evolved through a number of phases. The education system in Nigeria has been formed by a number of influences, the colonial influence, the influence of the military rule in Nigeria and then the impact of independence and a new constitution. The progress of education in the southern states of Nigeria reveals the involvement of the Christian missionaries towards the education system in Nigeria during the colonial period. Nigeria education was slowly but soundly developing during the colonial time until the conclusion of World War II. The Christian missionaries introduced the western education system in Nigeria in the mid nineteenth century. Three fundamentally distinct education systems existed in Nigeria in 1990. They were, the indigenous system, the Quranic schools, and formal European-style educational institutions. Higher Education in Nigeria originated with the colonial government launching the Yaba higher college. Education in Nigeria became the responsibility of the state and local councils according to the 1979 constitution. First six years of primary education was made mandatory, which was a significant factor in the development of education in Nigeria. There has been a noticeable upgrading of educational facilities in Nigeria in the latest years. The apparent rate for adult illiteracy in the year 2000 is 35.9%. The Structure of Nigeria Education System The local and state governments manage primary and secondary education in Nigeria. Higher education is the responsibility of both the federal and the state governments. Education is free but not compulsory at present in Nigeria. The formal education system includes six years of primary school, three years of junior secondary school, three years of senior secondary school, and four years of university education consequently directing towards a bachelors level degree in the majority of the subjects. The annual term of school in Nigeria stretch through ten months, and is sectioned into three ten to twelve weeks periods each at the pre-primary, primary, junior and senior secondary stages. Nigeria Education includes a significant stage of language education. Primary education in Nigeria starts in the native language but brings in English in the third year. Administration and Organization of Education System The current administrative system is divided into the Federal Capital Territory and 36 states. The management of education in Nigeria is based on this federal system, so that while basic educational policy regarding structure, curriculum and school year is centrally determined, some powers over educational delivery are devolved to state and local government. In effect, education is administered by three branches of government: primary education is under the control of local governments, secondary schools fall under the jurisdiction of the state government and higher education is administered by both the federal and state government. Administrative Bodies and Agencies * The Federal Ministry of Education, through the National Council of Education (NCE), coordinates education policies and procedures through the federation. * The Joint Consultative Committee (JCC) is an independent body of professional educators acting in an advisory capacity to both the federal and state ministries of education, universities, institutes of education and other education agencies. * The National Universities Commission (NUC) operates under the Federal Ministry of Education and is mandated to approve programmes, to monitor universities and to accredit programmes. The NUC provides a full listing of recognised federal, state and private universities in Nigeria. * The National Examinations Council?   (NECO) is responsible for conducting the Junior and Senior School Certificate Examination (SSCE), as is the West African Examination Council (WAEC). * The National Business and Technical Examinations Board (NABTEB) conducts the National Technical Certificate (NTC)/National Business Certificate (NBC) examinations, as well as the advanced level versions of these exams in a number of trades/discipline such as engineering and construction. * The National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) has responsibility for the establishment of minimum standards in polytechnics, technical colleges and other technical institutions in the Federation. In addition to providing standardised minimum guide curricula for technical and vocational education and training. The NBTE supervises and regulates, through an accreditation process, the programmes offered by technical institutions at secondary and post-secondary levels. It is also involved with the funding of polytechnics owned by the Government of the Federation of Nigeria. The NBTE provides a full listing of approved polytechnics and technical colleges in Nigeria. * The National Commission for Colleges and Education co-ordinates all aspects of non-degree teacher education in Nigeria. * The Joint Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB) conducts the Matriculation Examination for entry into all universities, polytechnics and colleges of education in Nigeria. * The National Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC) was established in 1972 to encourage, promote and coordinate educational research programmes in Nigeria. This agency provides significant data on educational problems within Nigeria and its work underpins the reform agenda nationally. The Federal Ministry of Education owns and runs universities, polytechnics, technical colleges, colleges of education and secondary schools. The remaining tertiary institutions are owned and funded by state governments, while other secondary schools are owned and funded by state governments, communities and private organizations.The administration and management of state government-owned secondary schools falls under the remit of state Ministries of Education. The administration of public primary schools falls under the local education authorities. Aims/Goals of Education in Nigeria The purpose of education refers to the aims, goals and objectives of education. Abimbola (1993), while clarifying curriculum aims, goals and objectives, cited Zais (1976) who proposed the use of purposes as targets because he, (Zais) is of the opinion that aims, goals and objectives are purposes at differing target distances and levels of specifity. Aims are the expression of purpose at the highest level such as the national level which can only be achieved in a distant future after the child has passed out of school. Aims according to Broudy (1971), are statements that describe expected life outcomes based on some value schemes either consciously or unconsciously borrowed from philosophy (p. 306). Aims are not related directly to school or classroom outcomes. Goals and Objectives are educational purposes directly related to school and classroom outcomes respectively. Goals are expression of purposes specified for achievement at each level of education. When the purpose of education for a country is being discussed, the term aim of education may be used. Purpose of Education in Nigeria The purpose of education in Nigeria includes unparalleled development of science and its application to industry and technology for better living. The National Policy on Education spells out the purpose of Education in Nigeria as an Instrument par excellence for effecting national development; to use education as a tool to achieve its national objectives; to make such education relevant to the needs of the individual and set its goal in terms of the kind of society desired in relation to the environment and realities of the modern world and rapid social changes (p. iv).In section 1, (p. 7) of the National Policy on Education,the observation is made that since the national policy on education is geared toward achieving that part of its national objectives that can be achieved using education as a tool, no policy on education ban be formulated without first identifying the whole philosophy and objectives of the nation. Reference is therefore made to the five main national objectives of Nigeria already stated in the National Development plan and endorsed as the necessary foundation for the National Policy on Education. These are the building of: a free and democratic society; a just and egalitarian society; a united, strong and self-reliant nation;a great and dynamic economy and a land of bright and full opportunities for citizens The implication of this is that the Nigeria Philosophy of Education according to Adeyinka (1992) is based on: The integration of the individual into a sound and effective citizen; and Equal education opportunities at all levels, both within and outside the formal school system. For the philosophy to be in harmony with Nigerias national objective, it has to be geared towards the values, aims and objectives stated at the National curriculum conference of 1969 and specifically stated in the National Policy on Education as the General Objectives of Education in Nigeria which are as follows: (a) The inculcation of the right type of values and attitudes for the survival of the individual and of society. This is an objective which can concern mainly the affective domain; (b) The inculcation of national consciousness and national unity. This is also an objective mainly in the affective domain; (c) The training of the mind in the understanding of the world around. This is aimed at developing the intellectual aspect of human beings. (d) The acquisition of appropriate skills, abilities and competencies both mental and physical as equipment for the individual to live and contribute to the development of his society. This objective is aimed at developing the intellectual, affective and psychomotor domains of human nature simultaneously. This is why education should be seen as aiming to develop all aspects of human persons simultaneously. Aims of Education in Nigeria Nigeria has been classified over the years among the developing nations of the world. That is, among those nations that are not as technologically advanced as Europe, United States of America and the Russia. These Countries are known to be largely illiterate and poor. They lack medical facilities especially when compared with the technologically advanced countries. The aims of education in these countries will be how to eradicate these problems. The aim of education in developing countries has been summarized by Adeyinka and Kolawde (1995) as follows: 1. Learning to live according to the old traditions of the people (society). 2. Learning to live according to the traditions of other countries in order to imbibe their religion, their culture and their social life. 3.Learning to live modern life of technologically advanced countries. Nigeria, Ghana, Uganda, Kenya and Lesotho, all in Africa, have a common trend. All of them were colonies under European countries which became independent after serving their masters for a number of years. These countries and some others have been striving for a stable government, dynamic economy and education that can deliver the goods. This is the root of the aims of education in developing countries stated below: 1. To promote national unity and international understanding; 2. To remove social inequalities, poverty, high-way robbery, hunger, diseases, squalor; illiteracy, ignorance, superstition, pride and fear; 3. To provide individual happiness and pleasure, self- realization, public morality and aesthetic development; 4. To train for good citizenship, health improvement, vocational competence, industrial and commercial developments and adult literacy; 5. To produce adequate manpower for economic development so that there could be less dependence on expatriates; 6. To create a society with high moral standards; 7. To eradicate the problem of economic and technological dependence on the advanced countries of the world; and 8. To promote public enlightenment and civilized behavior. (Adeyinka, et al; 1995) Financing of Education in Nigeria Financing of basic education All three tiers of government†federal, state, and local†fund primary education. Federal and state governments: Capital expenditures (buildings, books, and furniture) come from the federal and state governmentsâ„ ¢ share of the Federation Account.The Federation Account holds all federally collected revenues. The funds are divided among the three tiers of government according to a formula determined by the NationalAssembly. Some of the funds in this account accrue from government-owned mineral resources, a set percentage (13%) of which is returned to the states, apportioned on the basis of the statesâ„ ¢ original contributions. Thereafter, 15% of VAT revenues are distributed to the federal government, 50% to state governments, and 35% to local governments. Of the funds remaining within the Federation Account, 54.7% goes to the federal government, 24.7% to state governments, and 20.6% to local governments.State governments also pay the recurrent costs for managing State Primary Education Boards (SPEBs), Local Government Education Authorities (LGEAs), and primary schools. Local governments: The local governmentsâ„ ¢ 20.6% share of the Federation Account results in two types of local funding for education. First, at the state level, a percentage of the local share (a first charge) is set aside for primary school teachersâ„ ¢ salaries and allowances. Local governments may then use a part of what remains for direct assistance to primary schools. They also contribute own-source revenues to primary education. Financing Higher Education. Higher education relates to all forms of post-secondary education such as the Universities, Polytechnics, Colleges of Education, Monotechnics and Professional schools (Abdu 2003). Oghenekohwo (2004) classified the funding of higher education into two regimes namely: Pre-deregulation regime Deregulation regime In the pre-deregulation regime, higher education funding in Nigeria was done by government or public funding alone. High priority was accorded to funding higher education, thereby creating a wrong impression amongst Nigerians that funding of higher education is the exclusive preserve of governments. On the other hand in the deregulation regime, which is mostly a post Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) inevitability, things began to change. The benefits of the acquisition of any higher education programme now went largely to the individual as a private good for which beneficiaries and their families should pay.In the submission of Okebukola (2003), he noted that an additional concomitant of the private good is that, grants have been changed to loans, pacing major burdens on many university graduates. The financing of education should be the function of all the major stakeholders. This is because government alone cannot fund higher education. There are many stakeholders involved in the success of any educational system. The major stakeholders include the governments, educational institutions, parents/guardians and the private sector that employs the output of these institutions. Others include the students and the society in general. In private institutions, the incidence lies mostly on the individual while for the public sector ownership it lays on the public sector. The benefits of higher education should be identified. Some studies argued that education service should be above market forces and therefore should be provided free meaning that government should bear the cost of education so that the poor in the society can also get education. Other studies believed that not all levels of education ensures equity but rather there is higher private returns in higher education and as such individuals should be made to bear the cost of their higher education (Psacharopolous, 1996), while funding by the government should be limited to the basic education alone. Teaching Profession in Nigeria. In the past, to teach in primary school a person needed a Teacher Certificate Grade II (TCGDII) from four years of secondary school at a Grade II Teacher-training college. These were phased out after 1998, when the Nigerian Certificate of Education (NCE) became the required diploma for all primary and junior secondary school teachers. In 1996, out of approximately 420,000 primary school teachers in the country, about 80 percent had either the NCE or TCGDII (equally divided between the two). The government created the National Teachers Institute (NTI) in 1978 to conduct programs that would upgrade teacher qualifications to the NCE level, with most of this training carried out by distance learning. Between 1993 and 1996, the NTI graduated 34,486 in their NCE distance learning programs. In 2000, it trained 20,000 teachers. A Bachelor of Education program with NTI received approval by the government at the end of 2000. NTI also conducts workshops and conferences on curriculum development and in other areas of teacher training. To teach in senior secondary schools a person must have either a bachelors degree in education or a bachelors degree in a subject field combined with a postgraduate diploma in education. The faculty in senior secondary schools are among the best qualified in the country, almost all holding bachelors degree. A few teachers possess the NCE. The bachelors degree programs in education are offered at major teacher universities. Of the 63 colleges of education offering the three-year NCE program, about a third are owned by the federal government, and about half by state governments. The remaining are privately owned. All are under the supervision of the National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE), which sets and maintains standards and approves of courses and programs for all universities in Nigeria. To teach at Nigerian universities, teachers must have qualifications that are similar to professors at U.S. and European universities, usually a doctorate. At the university level, the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) represents university faculty, and the Senior Staff Association of Nigerian Universities (SSANU) bargains for the senior non-academic workers. The Academic Staff Unions of Polytechnics (ASUP) represents polytechnic faculty members. These unions are very active. The major teacher organization representing primary and secondary school teachers is the Nigeria Union of Teachers. Although it is very active, NUT has been unable to change the unsatisfactory conditions under which teachers work. Another major concern of teachers is salary. Not only is payment often incomplete, but the salaries are low. Salaries are set by the local, state, and federal governments, depending on which level controls the institution.. Challenges of Education in Nigeria Education is the bedrock of development. But unfortunately education in Nigeria is bisected with myriads of problems. These include: Poor Preparation and Malpractices: Experts in the education sector have been able to identify examination malpractices with poor preparation of students for an examination, and lack of self confidence. In view of the rising costs of education students and even their parents will not ordinarily want to be held back by any form of deficit or failure in any of the required subjects hence will go to any length to ensure success.In some cases, some teachers at the secondary school level are involved by way of encouraging students to contribute money in order to secure the needed assistance during such examinations because they, the teachers are left with no other alternative considering the fact that they are aware of the inadequate preparation of their students as well as the lack of facilities to get them properly prepared before examination. Exploitation and Educational Standard:A close assessment of activities in schools have revealed that, students are made to suffer undue amount of exploitation by school heads at both private and public schools in the name of enrolment fees and assurance of success in their examination and this they do in collaboration with the ministry officials who are suppose to inspect and monitor activities in schools to ensure standard compliance. Despite the fact that most of the schools lack basic learning facilities and a complete set of teachers. In like manner, students are being surcharged in a number of ways in tertiary institutions either in the name of dues that are not accounted for, force purchase of reading and other learning materials at exorbitant rate or on services of which staff are being paid for as assigned responsibility and official provision made by the respective institution. All these lead to lowering of the academic ability of students. Orientation and Educational Standard: In view of the prevalence of examination malpractices and other related irregularities in schools at all levels this day, the interest and habit of reading, procurement of books and other skills development materials has drastically dwindled among a number of students. This trend is also observed to have close relationship with rising sexual promiscuity among students. Poor Parenting /Guidance Parenting, entails caring, protection,guidance, provision of basic needs for a child up keep in order for him or her to be properly equipped to meet with the challenges of life, in accordance with the laws of the land. In desperation, many parents have decided to bring in additional innovation by way of not only involve in encouraging, but also finance activities in and around examination venues to effect malpractices in order to brighten the chances of their children or wards in qualifying examination to higher institutions and some even progress on this act through the tertiary level of education. Poverty and Fall in Standard: Acquisition of Education knowledge is supposed to help us fight against-poverty, ignorance and disease. The process of acquiring this well desired knowledge has gradually turned money spinning venture for many of those in dire need of the knowledge and skill. It is now a source of exploitation from the service seekers with little or no consideration for quality of service rendered and facilities on ground, and made an offer for the highest bidder. A trend which has cut across all levels of education, from nursery school to tertiary institutions. The concept, poverty, refers to a situation and process of serious deprivation or lack of resources and materials necessary for living within a minimum standard conducive for human dignity and well being (NEST, 1992: 16). Admission and being in school today is merely an ability to pay what is demanded in monetary terms by school operators and not on what could be offered academically. And this in essence widens t he scope of poverty prevalence as well as the gap between the rich and the poor which education is designed to bridge. Little wonder why graduates from many of the institutions exhibits ignorance towards societal realities and lack of creativity, due to the inadequacies associated with the learning and training process which is also observed to be partly because many of those that offer this service do so with greed. The Need for Research Development: This research sub-sector that is grossly neglected in Nigeria and play upon indiscriminately is the basis for the socio economic, political, scientific and technological advancement of our most admired developed nations of the world today. Therefore, conscious effort towards qualitative and durable educational system needs to be put in place for posterity in Nigeria. Funding /Constrains: The gross under funding of the educational sector in the country in general and the neglect of the maintenance of the physical facilities. Instructional and living conditions have deteriorated in many of these schools, classrooms, libraries and laboratories are nothing to write home about, all leading to decline in academic standards. Attention must be focused on these areas too if these educational institution are to get out of the woods and this is only possible through adequate funding. Since 1986 when the federal military government introduced the structural adjustment programme SAP, allocation of financial resource started to fall coupled with the consistent decline in the value of local currency till date. Which have also consistently affected the procurement of imported technical and scientific equipments, books, journals and other instructional needs in the educational system. Education system in Nigeria today, needs a total overhauling and restructuring, this reform is required to improve the performance of higher education in the country, the nation entered the 21st century insufficiently prepared to cope or compete in the global economy, where growth will be based even more heavily on technical and scientific knowledge (World Bank 1994). It is also a well known fact that the inadequacies always observed among many undergraduates and graduates alike is as a result of the inadequacies associated with the primary and the secondary education system in Nigeria. Though, the system is expensive to keep afloat, quality however in any form is partly a function of the total fund made available to the system and judiciously utilized for the purpose to which it is meant for. Funds are required and necessary to maintain both the human and material resources of the system in order to achieve desired goals. Also there is the need for an effective monitoring of the management of fund presently being allocated to the sector, as effort should be intensify to improve on what is currently being allocated to the system. Organizational Influence on Educational Standard Many viewers have observed that, most corporate organizations today in the country are fond of employing series of measures which are in effect bias and unproductive. They indulge in an unfair selective judgment on applicants seeking employment opportunity into their establishment, by way of using certificate grades as well as institution attended as prerequisites for interview attendance and recruitment. In some cases, they rather prefer candidates with first class and second class grade certificate and those that attended the first generation universities at the detriment of some others with lesser grade who might be better if given equal opportunity. This is their own way of encouraging irregularities and malpractices in the process of grade acquisition by prospective job seekers, therefore compromising standard and perpetual dependence on the services of foreign expatriates for both medium and high tech services. Lessons for Kenya. It has been said that the criteria for assessing any educational system are: the curriculum of study, the state of infrastructural facilities, the quality of students, the quality and quantity of staff, the competence of leadership, the level of funding and the direction and consistency of policy. In the area of curriculum and policy in Nigeria, the main problem is not with formulation as such but implementation. The implementation of laudable policies has often been hampered by incessant change of government, unstable academic calendars, poor and inadequate facilities, lack of motivation for staff, insecurity of life and property and the unwillingness of the products to make positive contribution to society. In this, Kenya can learn the importance of consistency in implementation of education policies despite changes in political leadership. Also the importance of proper motivation of teachers to ensure efficient and effective curriculum implementation. Failure to adhere to effective curriculum implementation may lead Kenya the Nigerian way i.e. the Nigerian system churns out a morally decadent and intellectually inept child who is a threat to both parents and society. The Nigerian youth are yet to imbibe the right type of values and attitudes. Rather, Nigerian schools and campuses have become breeding grounds for cultism, gangsterism, hooliganism, armed robbery, sexual promiscuity, examination malpractices, and a host of other vices. Instead of producing pragmatic and altruistic students, the Nigerian educational system churns out students who are egoistic, individualistic and escapists who are not interested in solving societys problems. In Nigeria, another area of serious decline is that of staffing. Time has gone when teachers were the best both in character and learning. What we have today is a pathetic story of pathetic teachers producing pathetic citizens. Kenya can learn the critical need of proper vetting of teachers to weed out rogue teachers before they teach wrong doctrine by bad example. A body to do the same needs to be put in place as the TSC seems overwhelmed by its broad mandate. Teacher qualification is another area Kenya can borrow from Nigeria. While in Kenya people with a teaching certificate teach in primary schools, Nigeria is moving to diploma holders at this level. Their tactic of systematic neglect has turned Nigerian educational institutions to an arena of the absurd. Apart from under-paying teachers (which had led to massive brain-drain), the money allocated to education falls kilometers short of the UNESCO recommended 25% of annual budget. The Kenyan primary free education concept can learn the importance of proper funding and the need to follow up to ensure the money ends up in the right use failure to which the poor state of infrastructure and consequent poor performance in public institutions will persist. With the coming into being of county governments in Kenya, the system of financing lower cadres of the education system can be adopted from Nigeria so that the central government concentrates on the higher levels of education financing. Bibliography Abimbola (1993) Guiding Philosophical perspectives U.M.O Ivowi, (Ed.) Curriculum development in Nigeria, (pp. 4-16) Ibadan: Sam Bookman Educational And Communication Services. Zais, R.S. (1976). Curriculum: Principles and foundations. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company. Inc. Broudy, H.S. (1971). The philosophical foundations of educational objectives. In M. Levit (Ed.) Curriculum: Reading in philosophy of education. University of Illinois Press. Adeyinka, A.A. (1992). Book of reading in educational theory and practice in A. Akinyemi, (Ed.) llorin:Institute of Education, University of llorin, llorin, Nigeria Adeyinka, A.A. Kolawole D. (1995). History and philosophy of education. Unpublished Manuscript, Available for the Department of Education Foundations University of llorin, llorin, Nigeria. Abdu, P.S (2003) The Cost and Finance of Education in Nigeria Education Today Quarterly; June, Vol. 10 (1); 12 â€Å" 16 Oghenekohwo, J.E. (2004) Deregulation Policy and Its Implication of the Funding of the University Education in Nigeria in Journal of Research ion Education, Jan June Vol 3 (1) Pg 204-224. Okebukola, P (2003) Issues in Funding University Education in Nigeria. NUC Monograph Series, Abuja, MUC. Psacharopoulos, G. (1984) The Contribution of Education to Economic Growth International Comparisons in J. Kendrick (ed) International Productivity Comparisons and Cause of the Showdown. Cambridge Mass: Ballenger Aina, A.T. and A. T. Salau.1992. The challenge of sustainable Development in Nigeria. Nigerian Environment Study/Action Team (NEST). An NGO report prepared for the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, June 1-12, p. 8, 16. World Bank (1994). Higher Education: The Lessons of Experience. Washington D.C: The World Bank. Online sources rti.org/pubs/Financing_Education_Nigeria.pdf accessed on 26th January 2011 mapsofworld.com/nigeria/education/ accessed on 26th January 2011

Tax reform debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tax reform debate - Essay Example g all the economic woes that the Bush administration left have opted to extend the past administration’s tax cuts, in an effort to stimulate the economy and to fully recover from the effects of the great recession. This move is quite ironic as the 2 Presidents came from the opposing camps of Republicans and Democrats. Though they have pushed for the same tax agenda, Democrats positions are said to be Keynesian influenced, while Republicans are influenced by supply side theory, which they say is the complete opposite of Keynesians. Originally, it was the Democrats who were pushing for the tax cuts. Kennedy and Johnson’s administration in 1960’s pushed for tax cuts. However in recent history, the scenario was reversed Reagan and Bush both belonging to Republican have implemented tax cuts (Chuck). 1.On the positive note, the tax cut helped to stimulate the economy as people with low income were able to buy more than usual. Under Bush administration’s Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA), the child tax credit was increased 100% ; estate and gift taxes were repealed and income tax rates were reduced. 2. On the negative side, critics argued that tax cuts have benefitted mostly the 5% of the US population who are paying about $470 Billion of the total income tax revenue, while the next 20% of the population pays about a total of $260 billion and the 3rd who comprised the 25% of the population pays about $120 billion and the bottom earners who comprised the majority 50% of the population pays a total amount of $35 billion collectively (David,2005) .By merely looking at the figures, its simple to see that tax cuts indeed benefitted the elite 5% of America’s population. 3. Consequently, tax cuts dramatically lessens government budget and increases public deficit and national government’s debt. Concretely the tax cuts under Bush administration have hurt badly the health sector. Americare reported that due to dwindling